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The purpose of this research is to develop relationships to predict the results of measuring the electrical resistivity of the standard test method ASTM C1760 with assistance of other methods’ results. Comparative Methods in this paper are Impedance spectroscopy method , one electrode method and four electrode method. Impedance spectroscopy method is the most common in laboratory studies , ASTM C1760 method (Standard Test Method for Bulk Electrical Conductivity of Hardened Concrete) only has a standard rule and use in laboratory , one electrode method is a new technique in field and it’s application is in the reinforcement structures , and four electrode measurements are more common in field. In laboratory methods, bulk electrical resisitivity measured but in field , usually surface electrical resisitivty evaluated , that is why several source of errors affecting on the results of this test methods. To reach the aim of this research , 49 mix designs with a vast domination of electrical resistivity from about 40 (Ω-m) to 290 (Ω-m) was intended and for each of mix designs , 4 cylindrical and one reinforced slab specimen were made. reinforced slab specimen for one electrode measurement and cylindrical specimens for the other test method measurments were considered. Moreover , the electrical resistance of the aforementioned methods was measured at 28 days age. The results showed that there is a negligible difference between the results of impedance spectroscopy and ASTM C1760 methods; however , the electrical resistivity measured by ASTM C1760 method was slightly higher than the results of impedance spectroscopy method in the concrete. As a result , we can use the results of the impedance spectroscopy method instead of standard test method results in the lack of facilities with accepting about 5% of error. In the four electrode method , a number of factors including the imbalance among the distances between electrodes and structure dimensions can result systematic errors. That is why the measurements’ results with the method is approximately 140% larger than the standard test method results. Due to the lack of a comprehensive relationship for calculating the cell constant in the one electrode method , the value of this constant was obtained by comparing the results of the standard test method. After that , the electrical resistivity values were calculated. Electrical resistivity measurement results which was obtained by this method had also little difference with the standard test method results. Finally 3 relationships separately developed for predicting the result of standard test method from results of the each other test methods. Since the features and conditions of measuring by the standard test method are not available in the entire projects , the current results are capable to predict the standard method’s results with assistance of other methods’ results.

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This paper focuses on the interstory drift ratio (IDR) demands of building structures subjected to nearfault ground motions having different impulsive characteristics based on generalized interstory drift spectral analysis. The near-fault ground motions considered include the idealized simple pulses and three groups of near-fault ground motions with forward directivity pulses, fling-step pulses and without velocity pulse. Meanwhile, the building systems are equivalently taken as shear-flexural beams with representative lateral stiffness ratios. The IDR distribution of continuous beams subjected to three groups of near-fault ground motions is acquired. It is illustrated that the maximum IDR shifts from the upper half to the lower half of buildings with an increase in lateral stiffness ratio. For long-period systems, the average IDR under impulsive ground motions is significantly greater than that under nonpulse motions. Finally, for moment-resisting frame buildings the forward directivity pulses amplify the drift response of higher modes, while the fling-step pulses excite primarily their contribution in the first mode and generate large deformation in the lower stories. The essential reason for this phenomenon is revealed according to the distinct property of near-fault impulsive ground motions and generalizedmdrift spectral analysis. High-rise buildings behavior subjected to near-fault records is different than the far-fault records. Because of this difference, the characteristics of near-fault records that alters the behavior of the structure in the near-fault records. The effect of the characteristics of near-fault earthquakes on seismic behavior of steel moment frames with eccentricity brace and determine the collapse prevention. The aim of this study was to analyze the IDA tall buildings and obtain the point of collapse prevention (CP) of the curve by IDA under the near-fault records, the effect of height and weight stories on the point of collapse prevention , to obtain the Immediate Occupancy performance level (IO) and life safety (LS) of the curve IDA, determining the impact feature near-fault records (forward directivity, backward directivity, fling step) at the time of forming the point collapse prevention and determine the amount of spectral acceleration records at the time of forming the point collapse prevention , To obtain the point of collapse prevention (CP) by capacity spectrum method (determining the performance level CP) and compare the result with the result of IDA and the reasons for the difference in results of these two methods and proposals for closer results in future research. To achieve these goals, 6 frames 15, 20 and 25 floors with two extra-axial value of 1 and 2 m were designed. Then, 30 near-fault records to determine the point of collapse prevention with IDA and capacity spectra. To evaluate the effect of the characteristics of near-fault records to determine the point of collapse prevention, near-fault records of the three categories including feature a forward directivity, backward directivity, fling step, was divided. The frame is designed for IDA analysis was performed and the results for of these records have been examined individually. In order to characterize the structural response over the near-fault records showed that near-fault records with the fling step in spectral acceleration lower than the near-fault records with the forward directivity the point collapse prevention arrive. Structural response to near-fault records with backward directivity was also very similar to far-fault records. The comparison between the response of structures to analyze the IDA and NSP analysis to determine the point collapse prevention became clear answers obtained by NSP smaller amounts of IDA method show.

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Weather forecasts have potential for improving adaptation and resilience of agricultural systems to climate changes; however, there is still uncertainty on the factors affecting the use of this information in farm management decisions. This survey study was conducted on the application of weather information by 213 farmers selected through a stratified random sampling technique in 21 rural areas of Veys, in Khuzestan Province. The results indicated that perception of the reliability of weather information providers, availability of weather forecast information, self-efficacy, and subjective norm were the key drivers for using weather forecast information in the farm management decisions. Based on the results, confidence to the information providers was low among farmers. In addition, social norm about using weather information in practice was not strong in the study area. The results of the study highlighted the need for improving beliefs and values of farmers and their communities about the importance of using weather forecast information for adaptation to climate change.

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Introduction: Clinical studies have supported the effective role of gluconeogenic in hepatic glucose release, especially in type 2 diabetics (T2D). This study was aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training on hepatocyte fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene expression as well as fasting glucose and insulin resistance in obese rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: For this purpose, T2D induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal STZ injection in 14 male Wistar rats (220 ± 10 grams) and were then randomly divided into exercise (n = 7, resistance training) and control (n = 7) groups. The rat in exercise group were completed 8 weeks resistance training (5 times/weekly) and control rats remained non-training. 48 hours after exercise intervention, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance and hepatocyte FTO expression were compared by independent t test between groups.
Results: Compared to control subjects, significant decrease were observed in fasting glucose     (P = 0.001), insulin resistance (P = 0.001) and FTO expression (P = 0.024) and increase in serum insulin (P = 0.005) by exercise intervention in resistance group.
Conclusion:
Resistance training is accompanied by improving fasting glucose in T2D rats. This improvement may be attributed to the reduction of hepatocytes FTO expression and insulin resistance in response to resistance training.
 

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Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of interval training on lipocalin-2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as the serum levels of lipid profile indices (TG, TC, LDL, HDL) in obesed Wistar rats. Methods: The statistical population consists of all male Wistar rats of the Pasteur Institute of Iran, from which 14 male rats (10-week-old) weighing (220±10 grams) were obesed by 8 weeks of high-fat diet and were randomly divided into interval (n=7) and control (n=7)  groups. The exercise group participated in an interval training for 10 weeks, 5 sessions per week in the form of running on a treadmill. The control group did not participate in any exercise program. All rats were dissected 48 hours after the last training session. Finally, after measuring the variables and comparing them by independent t-test between groups. Results: Interval training resulted in significant decrease in lipocalin-2 expression (p = 0.029) and serum TC (p = 0.022). Serum HDL was also increased in response to interval training compared to control group (p = 0.024). TG (p = 0.398) and LDL (p = 0.658) remained no change by interval training. Conclusion: The improvement of the serum HDL and TC in response to interval training in obese rats is probably due to the decrease in lipocalin-2 gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Knowing the main mechanisms responsible for these changes requires more studies in this field.