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The purpose of this study was to explain the current water governance at Gawshan Watershed Basin in Kermanshah Province and then provide an alternative conceptual framework for good governance of water resources at the basin scale. Participants were selected purposefully among the representatives of rival groups. Participatory workshop technique was used to collect data with the aid of interviews and focus group discussions. Analysis of the interviews led to classification of the challenges of water governance into several categories. These include the lack of participation, fairness, accountability, responsiveness, legitimacy, transparency and consensus-oriented processes. Then, water governance solutions were extracted based on the consensus among the participants. These include farmers’ contribution to decision- making processes regarding agricultural water consumption, empowering the local people to negotiate and manage conflicts, establishing a participatory mechanism to manage water conflict, holding training courses and workshops for staff to get acquainted with the principles of good governance, creating transparent and accessible information system by agricultural water section, and holding education-extension courses to increase information and awareness of the stakeholders in line with responsibility. Finally, a framework for good governance of water resources in the watershed basin was drawn up after linking the concepts.
 

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This study aimed to address analysis and zoning of sustainability of family farming system in Kermanshah province. To achieve this objective, two steps were taken: (1) Identification of a comprehensive framework to measure the sustainability of family farming system, and (2) Evaluation criteria and sub-criterion weight for the proposed framework by conducting Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). In this regard, firstly, 12 agrarian experts who had theoretical and practical experiences were selected by purposed sampling for FAHP. Secondly, descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out on family farming system. Results of FAHP revealed that management, capitals, vulnerabilities, and stresses were of utmost importance in a context of sustainability of family farming system, respectively. According to the findings, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Harsin with scores of 72.91 and 58.76 have high sustainability. In contrast, Qasr-e Shirin (20.92) showed high unsustainability. Furthermore, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah, and Javanroud with values of, respectively, 57.95, 57.37, and 52.92 lie in the middle of the spectrum.
 

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Conservation of environment as one of the main pillars of human life requires the attention and effort of all people, especially women, and the prerequisite for that is the Environmental Literacy (EL). The purpose of this mixed-method research was to assess rural women's EL level, and identify appropriate methods of EL extension among them. Statistical population of the study consisted of 203,504 rural women (15-64 ages), of whom 384 women were selected as sample using modified stratified random sampling technique. In order to gather the information, a questionnaire was developed including components of environmental attitudes, concerns, knowledge, skills, and behavior. Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (0.86–0.93). In the qualitative section, the study population consisted of experts in agriculture extension, environment and natural resources, as well as rural women. Samples were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball technique. Results of quantitative section showed that the level of EL of rural women was moderate (M= 61.427, SD= 8.003) and means of environmental knowledge (M= 10.292, SD= 3.293) and concern (M= 11.926, SD= 2.328) were lower than other dimensions. MANOVA analysis also revealed that there were significant differences in level of EL of rural women among townships of Kermanshah Province with different degrees of agricultural development. Rural women in more developed regions had higher environmental knowledge and skills, but their environmental behavior was similar to underdeveloped and developing regions. The results of the qualitative section also indicated that EL extension methods of women in the villages of different regions were almost the same, but the women from the developed villages had higher tendency to participatory extension methods. Results from this study could contribute to improvement of environmental program in order to promote EL across the society.