---

The importance of considering the environment in the oil industry and related industries is undeniable in order to develop sustainable industry. This study is a scientific-research which is conducted to analyze and develop innovative strategies by HSE approach and environmental planning, using a case study of the Pars Special Economic Zone (Assaluyeh). Key factors influencing the development of HSE program have been explained in the first step of this research and the next step has been identified strategic factors in every field. Each of these factors, the relative importance and strategic value of implementing matrix model evaluation according to internal and external factors, using the Delphi technique and were evaluated by a questionnaire. Thus, the strategic and internal-external organization factors have been ranked and the most important opportunities, threats, strengths and weakness points of the organization, with the aim of development of environmental protection based on HSE, have been introduced. Finally, evaluating the total function of strategic factors conclude that the strategic position of Pars Special Economic Zone (Assaluyeh), is able to overcome the opportunities to threats. Hence, it’s possible to apply “opportunities-threats, strategies” in order to recompense weak points of the organization.

---

The early and late blight are important diseases of peanut. The reactions of eleven peanut genotypes Arachis hypogea L. and one local cultivar (cv. Goli) to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) diseases were evaluated under CLS high incidence field conditions during 2016. The field experiment was conducted in Lasht-e Nesha Agricultural Research Station (north-east of Rasht) in 2016 using randomized complete block design with four replications. The results indicated a possible differential reaction to infection by the fungi Passalora arachidicola and P. personata among genotypes of peanut. There was a significant variability among peanut genotypes to CLS diseases (P ≤ 0.01). The differences between susceptible and resistant genotypes were identified by the number and size of spots produced per leaf (leaflets), leaf defoliation, and leaf spot severity percentage. Mean comparisons revealed that Cercospora leaf spot incidence in terms of the number of spots per leaf were greater in the Pn202 (85.1) and Pn220 (75.8) by a factor of about 5- to 8-fold relative to the Pn213 (9.2), Pn170 (10.9), Pn140 (11.6), and Pn204 (15.2) genotypes. When the severity of Cercospora leaf spot disease was considered, this difference was 3-5-fold. The defoliation and severity of CLS percentage on genotypes of peanut were ranged 4.7-60.9% and 11.3-52.5%, respectively. Accordingly, the defoliation and severity of CLS were observed as high as 60.88% and 52.49% on Pn202 peanut genotype, respectively. Our results revealed that with increasing CLS severity from 11.3 to 52.5% (41.2%), defoliation increased from 4.7 to 60.9% (56.2%) while the pod yield decreased from 3809.4 to 1217.6 kg/h (2591.8 kg/h). In total, three genotypes (Pn170, Pn140, and Pn213) were moderately resistant, while genotypes Pn220 and Pn202 were susceptible to CLS diseases. The resistant genotypes indicated favorable agronomic characteristics and had a potential to be released as commercial cultivars or to be used as parents in peanut breeding programs.
 

---

---

Sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA, has become one of the major diseases in some rice- growing areas in recent years. Primary inoculum density seems to be a major factor in disease outbreak. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between the primary inoculum density and type and the disease intensity, grain yield and yield loss. Field experiments were conducted in both years of 2017 and 2018 in Guilan province, Iran. Disease incidence and severity were significantly higher when the highest inoculum densities (mycelial and sclerotial) were tested. When sclerotia were applied as the primary inoculum, disease developed more quickly. Based on the results of the current study, in a temperate lowland rice system in Guilan province, sclerotia floating on the water surface after puddling can be the primary source of inoculum and play a major role in sheath blight epidemics whereas mycelia in plant debris probably lose their viability in winter. These results suggested that control of sheath blight disease in order to prevent sclerotia production and reduce the main disease inoculum can be a promising strategy for suppressing this disease in the rice fields of Guilan province.

---

Debate about Genetically Modified Food (GMF) has received much attention in concurrence with the development of biotechnology. This paper examines consumers’ intentions towards GM food in Iran. Given the potential of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in shaping consumers’ behavior, relationships between CSR, trust, and health concerns with consumer intentions towards GM foods have been investigated rarely. This study used a moderated mediation analysis to understand how health concerns, trust in GM foods, and CSR perceptions affect consumer intentions towards GM foods. A survey study with 389 consumers indicates that health concerns reduce trust in GM foods, but trust exerts a positive influence on consumers’ intentions toward these products, thus playing a mediating role between health concerns and consumers’ intentions. More importantly, CSR perceptions magnify the positive effect of trust in GM foods on consumers’ intentions, thus offering evidence for a moderating role of CSR perceptions.

---

The lack of recognizing Food Valley's potential and the lack of incorporating open innovation into food industry strategies are serious obstacles that debilitate their sustainability and viability. A mixed method approach was used to answer the question of “what are the external and internal factors in a SWOT analysis to evaluate the possibility of establishment of a Food Valley in Iran”. Data was collected using structured interviews with 16 entrepreneurship and food industry experts. The SWOT matrix was based on 42 identified factors, drawn into four categories of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. A total of 17 strategies were presented to establish Food Valley, including 5 offensive strategies, 5 revision strategies, 3 diversity strategies, and 4 defensive strategies. The results found that building trust, creating joint professional workgroups in food companies, having cooperation contracts for the exchange of skilful workforce, sharing information, developing continuous relationships with scientific centers and academia are among the most important strategies for establishing the Food Valley in Iran. Prioritizing alternative strategies illustrated that, since Food Valley is a critical factor in the field of food security, this study contributes to the literature on food security. Policymakers could design special plans to promote strategies for launching and establishing Food Valley and the adoption of open innovation by the agri-food industries and (Small and medium enterprises) SMEs and emphasize the effects of this paradigm to improve innovative products and services.