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The nutritive values of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. Growing site was found to have a significant (P< 0.001) effect on the chemical composition. The CP contents of honey locust pods ranged from 67.2 to 119.9 g kg-1 DM. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) ranged from 122.3 to 152.2 g kg-1 DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents varied with growing site in the range of 299.6 to 414.3 and 195.3 to 262.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents ranged from 27.8 to 148.2 g kg-1 DM. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition significantly (P< 0.001) increased gas production and some estimated parameters of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites. However, honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites showed variable responses to PEG treatment. There were also significant (P< 0.001) differences among growing sites in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites without PEG supplementation ranged from 58.81 to 65.86% and 8.85 to 9.92 MJ kg-1 DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, the OMD and ME with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 6.30 to 15.81% and 5.61 to 14.94%, respectively.

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The effects of five training systems on tree growth, yield, and some fruit characteristics were assessed for ‘Fuji’ apple grafted on M.9 rootstock for the first five years in Tokat, Turkey. The trees were trained in one of five ways: Slender Spindle (SS, 4762 trees ha^-1), Vertical Axis (VA, 2857 trees ha^-1), HyTec (HT, 1904 trees ha^-1) and two different tree densities of super spindle (L-Sup S with 5,000 trees ha^-1; H-Sup S with 10.000 trees ha^-1). Trunk Cross-sectional Area (TCA), canopy diameter and canopy volume were higher in low tree density systems (HT and VA) than in high tree density systems (SS, L-Sup S and H-Sup S). Annual and cumulative yields per tree over the first cropping years were higher in VA and HT than in SS, L-Sup S or H-Sup S. Yield per unit area was the highest in H-Sup S in every year due to the higher number of trees per hectare. Yield efficiency (yield cm^-2 TCA) was higher in VA and HT than in SS, L Sup S or H-Sup S in every year. HT produced the largest fruit among the training systems in every year. VA had the second largest fruit in 2008, 2010, and 2011.