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In this study, phenolic compounds-coated ZnO@HAP nanocomposite (Ph.ZnO@HAP) was synthesized and used to improve the physical and chemical properties of chitosan hydrogel for biological application. At first, the phenolic compounds were extracted from walnut green hulls. The synthesis of Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite was performed with the assistance of extracted phenols using a hydrothermal method. Chitosan hydrogel was also prepared using NaHCO₃ at 37°C. Hybrid hydrogels based on chitosan and Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite were prepared in a similar way and then characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The antioxidant property, cytotoxicity, and osteogenesis of hybrid hydrogels were measured using DPPH radical scavenging method, MTT, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme assay, respectively. The FTIR spectra, FESEM images, EDX spectrum, and Zeta potential data showed that Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposites synthesized successfully with rod-like morphology, phenolic compounds coated on the surface and a negative particle surface charge. The results of DPPH experiment showed that the antioxidant property of the nanocomposite material increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The FESEM images of chitosan hybrid hydrogels with different concentrations of embedded Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite showed that hybrid hydrogels have a more uniform porous structure, compared to the chitosan hydrogel. Moreover, by an increase in the nanocomposite concentration in the structure of hybrid hydrogels, the antioxidant property augmented. The results of the biological studies showed that the cytotoxicity of hybrid hydrogels on osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) is lower than that of chitosan hydrogel. Also, hybrid hydrogels showed the higher potential in induction of osteogenesis than chitosan hydrogels.
 

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Functional linguistics is regarded as one of the dominant approaches in contemporary linguistics that focuses on the functions of language. The greatest theoretician of functional linguistics Michael Halliday, in cooperation with Roqaye Hassan, have investigated the unity and coherence of text and have categorized its elements in Cohesion in English. The theory of the unity and coherence of text, which is based on the relations of sense and text, is considered as a branch of discourse analysis that investigates text. Coherence has an important and significant role in the structure of a text. The author reflects his real and surreal world in the text. Though time coherence is subverted in this reflection, he conveys meaning and creates text through language and maintaining lexical and syntactic relations.
Surrealist writers attempt to create imaginary and unreal milieus by means of free imagination and the unconscious to reach at a world beyond reality and away from preoccupations of contemporary culture. Since the surreal text is a reflection of surreal world free from limitations of language (automatism), it is assumed that such texts possess no unity and coherence and semantic relations in them is chaotic. Accordingly, this study investigates lexical cohesion of Blind Owl, in a descriptive-analytic method, based on Halliday and Hassan’s theory. The present research seeks answers to the following questions: Does the overflow of lexicons, originating from automatic writing out of the hallucinations of surrealist writer, create an incoherent text or not? Does the surrealist text take distance from language standards and their lexicons and their sentences have no unity and coherence as surrealists do in their real life? At last, it is argued whether Halliday’s linguistic theory can be useful in the analysis of surrealist texts in order to understand writer’s mentality and spirit.

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Pomegranate, a small tree with potential human health benefits, is grown mainly in Iran, India and USA as well as in most Near and Far East countries. It has been used extensively in folk medicine for a number of therapeutic purposes. In the present study, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) was employed and the FRAP value of the seed fraction of six different cultivars of pomegranate in Iran was determined in an attempt to compare their differing antioxidant acitivity. The antioxidant activity of seed fraction of six different cultivars of pomegranate in water extracts showed that the Sour white peel cultivar has the highest FRAP value (3.450.85 M) and the Agha Mohamad Ali cultivar has the lowest value (2.760.76 M); ethanolic extract of the seeds showed that Sour white peel and Black peel cultivars have the highest (3.881.31 M) and lowest (1.620.47 M) antioxidant activity, respectively. Results indicated that the extracts obtained from pomegranate seeds using various solvents exhibited various degrees of antioxidant activity. Further, it was cleared that Sour white peel had the highest potent antioxidant activity among different pomegranate seed cultivars and, so might be useful for its health benefits.