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Showing 12 results for Ostad


Volume 8, Issue 2 (No. 8 (Tome 37), (Articles in Persian) 2017)
Abstract

Besides personal skills, individuals require some additional skills which are crucial to help them maintain a successful life in a community. One of them is the ability to communicate and develop social relationships. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of auditory training in social functions of elementary school bilingual Persian-Kurdish students in the town of Sar-pol-zahab. To implement the research in which a descriptive and analytical method is used, first the types of listening are defined and then the challenges and obstacles in the way of them happening are discussed. In addition, auditory training methods in teaching listening skills are explained for teachers. The data includes the assessment of the auditory skills improvement of Kurdish-speaker students whose auditory skills are being trained by teachers. The data is accumulated via questioners and processed by statistical methods. The results of this research are presented in the statistical analysis section.
 

Volume 8, Issue 3 (3-2019)
Abstract

E-Banking is a new type of banking service where banking services are provided using -environments. This kind of banking activity has spread throughout the world since 1991. Customers are migrating from traditional banking to modern banking with the increase of e-banking services and the provision of various tools for banking transactions. Accordingly, it is important to examine the progress of banks in these tools and the level of customer satisfaction. This study first analyzes the extent of customer satisfaction with these tools by examining customer transactions in Branch, ATM, Internet Bank and Mobile Bank Which has conducted this survey for a hundred thousand customers. After an initial analysis of the use of tools, Customers were clustered using k-Mean Method and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm with MATLAB software and grouped into seven clusters. Then the characteristics of each cluster are examined and strategies for each cluster are presented. In the final stage, we analyzed the strategies proposed by the Shapely value-based game theory approach and the most important strategies proposed.

Volume 11, Issue 1 (Winter 2023)
Abstract

Aims: Self-care behaviors and standard precautions are important for maintaining nurses' health. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between nurses’ self-care and standard precaution observance in intensive care unit during COVID-19.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted on the ICU nurses at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. A total of 140 nurses were included in the research through convenience sampling. The data were collected using demographic survey questions, Self-Care Inventory-Revised (SCI-R), and Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS).
Findings: The greatest self-care means among the participants was in the professional dimension (40.1±4.41), and the lowest means of self-care was in the psychological dimension (26.97±3.55). The highest and lowest score of standard precautions was 20 and 3, respectively. The average precaution observance was 13.99±2.931. There was a positive and significant correlation between self-care and observance of standard precautions of nurses (r=0.224; p=0.008).
Conclusion: Nurses in intensive care units in COVID-19 pandemic pay little attention to their self-care. Self-care in the professional dimension receives relative attention, and in the psychological dimension, receives the least attention. The standard precautions in COVID-19 pandemic is not at an acceptable level, and there is a direct and positive correlation between self-care and observing standard precautions.

Volume 13, Issue 1 (9-2021)
Abstract


The Safavid dynasty often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history in which the first independent Iranian state after Islam was founded. However, the Safavid government was relatively able to regulate violence and achieve in some degree, but after some time, social order faced a crisis and collapse. This study investigates the causes of this by citing historical sources, using a comparative and analytical method and relying on the model of the fragile natural state presented by North, Wallis and Weingast. Based on the findings of this study characteristics of the Safavid government in the four themes of "failure to form a stable coalition", "imbalance between social forces", "personal, informal and unilateral structure of political power" and "monopoly of political economy and violation of property rights" are similar to the main indicators of fragile natural government.
 
 

Volume 15, Issue 83 (12-2018)
Abstract

Honey is a natural substance produced by honeybees and flower nectar. It has complex compounds such as carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), phenols, organic acids, amino acids, proteins, minerals, vitamins and lipids. Organophosphorus pesticides, as diazinon, are used more than other pesticides due to their effect on a wide range of pests and also cheap price. It is noteworthy that diazinon is in category 2 in the classification of the World Health Organization and is considered as a relatively hazardous pesticide. In this regard, in the present study, the amount of residue of diazinon in honey produced in Damavand region was measured with the aim of providing the health of consumers and preparing the ground for qualitative control of this product. The honey samples used in this study were prepared from six areas of Ayeneh Varzan, Aro, Havir, Mosha, Tar Lake and Damavand in June and September. Then, the separation and detection of toxin were done by HPLC. According to the results, the residue of toxin was observed in all sampling areas so that in some areas the amount of residual was higher than the maximum residue level (MRL). Also, the residue in June in all samples was more than the samples harvested in September. In this regard, the highest amount of residue was measured in June in Ayeneh Varzan (0.03919 ppm) and its lowest amount was measured in September in Havir region with the amount of 0.1714 ppm.

Volume 15, Issue 85 (3-2019)
Abstract

Abstract
Honey is a supersaturated solution that contains fructose and glucose. Honey also contains minerals, proteins, amino acids, enzymes and vitamins. There is a wide range of partial compounds in honey that many of them have antioxidant properties. These compounds include phenolic acids and flavonoids, some enzymes (glucose oxidase, catalase) and amino acids. Fluvalinate is an insecticide, acaricide broad spectrum of pyrethroids products that can be used in bee hives, gardens, greenhouses and disinfection of cuttings. In this regard, in the present study, the amount of residue of fluvalinate  in honey produced in Damavand region was measured with the aim of providing the health of consumers and preparing the ground for qualitative control of this product. The honey samples used in this study were prepared from six areas of Ayeneh Varzan, Aro, Havir, Mosha, Tar Lake and Damavand in June and September. The separation and detection of toxin were done by GC-MASS. Based on the results, the residue in June in all samples was more than the samples harvested in September. In this regard, the highest amount of residue was measured in June in Ayeneh Varzan (0.077 ppm) and the lowest was measured in September in Mosha (0.021 ppm).

Volume 16, Issue 1 (Spring 2016 2016)
Abstract

This paper aims to estimate various production functions, with emphasis on energy and investment in R& D, in Iran over the period 1979-2010. Following estimation of different production functions including CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution), GPF (Generalized Production Function), Cobb-Douglas, Transcendental, Translog, and GLPF (Generalized Linear Production Function), a proper production function is selected. The functions are mainly non-linear and their estimation requires large sample sizes. The conventional econometric techniques estimate regression parameters through minimizing residual sum of squares (RSS). However, this approach is less efficient than minimization the Least Absolute Deviation (LAD). Moreover, the conventional nonlinear techniques cannot minimize absolute deviation of errors from their expected values. In order to overcome this problem, we use Genetic Algorithm (GA) method with LAD to estimate six non-linear production functions. The results suggest that the Translog function is the most appropriate production function for the Iranian economy. According to our findings, a 10 percent increase in energy consumption, raises the output by 7.3 percent. However, a 10 percent increase in R&D expenditure only increases the output by 2.6 percent. Finally, the results show that the production function in Iran exhibits increasing return to scale after the end of Iran-Iraq war. Thus, it seems constructing growth models for Iran by assuming constant returns to scale production technology needs to be reexamined.

Volume 18, Issue 2 (Summer 2014)
Abstract

The guarantee of delayed payment price is one of the most important issues in the sales contract. The question is: “If the buyer does not pay the price on time, can the seller terminate the contract initially? Under the article 395 of civil code, the seller can require the buyer to pay the price or terminate the contract. But most of the writers, on the appearance of the article, have limited the seller's right to terminate the contract to the option of the delayed payment of price that appertains to cash price. They believe that in terms of price, the seller has the right to require the buyer to pay the price .This theory not only causes difficulties and injustices, but also is not coordinate by the laws of the developed countries and international trade. It cannot be justified by the civil law too. According to the writer of this article, contrary to the popular opinion, in the case of delay in payment, the seller in addition to the right of enforcement, can terminate the contract whether it is cash price or deferred.        

Volume 18, Issue 121 (March 2022)
Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of replacing wheat flour with spinach powder (0-30%) as a rich source of fiber and minerals using a mixture design based on D-optimal on physicochemical properties (weight loss, moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, antioxidant capacity, color, specific volume, height, water activity) and textural and sensory properties of bread. According to the results, with the addition of spinach powder moisture content, ash, fiber increased but weight loss, protein, fat, specific volume, water activity and height of the samples decreased, significantly. The antioxidant capacity of supplemented bread with spinach powder was significantly higher than the control sample (p <0.05). Also, textural properties including firmness and penetration energy were significantly increased by adding spinach powder. Spinach powder supplementation led to a decrease of  L *, a *, and an increase of  b* in the samples. According to the results, replacing wheat flour with spinach powder up to 7.5% improved the overall acceptance of the samples.

Volume 19, Issue 128 (October 2022)
Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to design a functional apple drink based on barely milk, to transfer the nutritional ingredients of the barely milk to drink and improve the taste of barley milk products, in addition to use inulin to replace part of sucrose. Therefore, two levels of barley milk (30 and 50 gr per 100 ml), three levels of sugar and three levels of inulin with sugar to inulin ratios of 5:0, 3:2 and 1:4 (gr per 100 ml) respectively were used in the preparation of six formulation. Pure barely milk was selected as the control sample. Then the physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of all samples were examined. The results showed that, adding the apple concentration, sugar and inulin to the samples affected all physical parameters such as Brix, pH and sensory properties of the samples. Based on the findings, it was observed that Brix of the samples increased in the presence of apple concentration, sugar and inulin compared to barely milk. On the other hand, using inulin alone in the formulations reduced the acceptance of taste and sweetness, but replacing part of sucrose with inulin improved the feeling of sweetness in consumers. Likewise, the use of apple concentration, sugar, inulin and citric acid in barley milk increased the taste acceptance in both 30 and 50 grams of barley. In the end, B30 formulation containing 30 gr milk, 2 gr sugar and 3 gr inulin was selected as the appropriate formula because of low Brix, suitable sweetness and taste superiority over other samples.
 

Volume 20, Issue 4 (10-2018)
Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inulin (IN) and resistant dextrin (RD) as fat replacer and prebiotic on gluten-free biscuit and its dough. To make the gluten-free biscuits, we used rice flour, corn flour and corn starch in the proportion of 3:1:1, respectively. The influence of prebiotics on the dough properties was studied via texture profile analysis including firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess and springiness. Biscuit quality was assessed by spreading behavior, texture and surface characteristics, chemical properties, and sensory evaluation. Compared to the control, a significant increase in firmness (17.04 N to 52.85 N), cohesiveness (0.49 to 0.65) and gumminess (8.45 N to 32.71 N) of dough (except RD25) was observed when substitution percent of fibers increased. Adhesiveness and springiness did not have significant changes. Enhancing of fat replacement percentage caused significant changes compared to the control in hardness (9.60 to 24.52 N) and L* (58.79 to 56.94), a* (8.99 to 9.71), water activity (0.225 to 0.096), moisture (4.97% to 4.12%), total fat (12.65% to 3.90%), peroxide index (1.89 to 0.90 meq/kg), fiber (2.02% to 9.51%), carbohydrate (76.49% to 84. 63%), and calorie (443.38 to 396.52 Kcal). The consumers did not find significant differences in acceptability between the control biscuits and the biscuits with 25% of fat replaced by RD and IN except color and flavor that were better than the control. Gluten-free biscuits containing IN25 and RD25 were similar to the control biscuits, and they could have additional health benefits derived from IN and RD presence.
 

Volume 22, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract

Frames with masonry infill are the most common type of structures used in developing countries. Masonry infill affected the initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete buildings. The presence of opening in masonry infill is often used for placing doors and windows and it may reduce the seismic performance of the RC frame structure. Nowadays, the impact of the frame and infill on structure is one of the challenges in engineering researches. Engineers generally ignore infill in designing the building and consider it as non-structural part. When the masonry infill is placed in the concrete frame, significantly changes its mechanical properties, the stiffness and strength of the structure increase and ductility of the concrete frame reduce. There is interaction between masonry infill and itchr('39')s frame, so, the frames with infill behave differently than those frames without infill. Disregarding the effect of masonry infill, they can be safe and reliable in terms of resistance in design, since the increasing strength around frame has a positive effect on earthquake strength and overall structural stability, however, it should also be considered that masonry infill will increase the stiffness of the infill-frame and larger portion of the lateral load would attracted by frames. This can be a negative factor when ignore the infill masonry in the design. In the present study, by numerical modeling by nonlinear finite element method, the effect of the presence of masonry infill with different door and window openings on the behavior of concrete frames with seismic and non-seismic details at different axial load levels and different masonry infill thicknesses in seismic performance of frames concrete has been examined. For this purpose, the proposed models are first validated using laboratory results in ABAQUS finite element software. The results of the analysis show that increasing the axial load increases the final strength, effective stiffness and reduces ductility in specimens with masonry infill with different opening of doors and windows and reinforced concrete frame with seismic characteristics. The ultimate strength in specimens with reinforced concrete frame with seismic characteristics shows a slight increase compared to similar samples with reinforced concrete frame with non-seismic characteristics, which can be ignored. Increasing the thickness of the specimens increased the ultimate strength and effective stiffness of the specimens with seismic and non-seismic details. The results of these studies show that the different positions of the openings have significant effects on the behavior of the frames. If the opening is large or moves away from the center of the masonry infill, the final strength drop and stiffness effective reduction will be more.

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