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Analysis of genetic diversity of Fusarium verticillioides populations concludes different levels of information in management of crown and root rot disease in corn farms. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in 77 F. verticillioides isolates from major producing areas in Ilam province, Iran such as: Dehloran, Mosiyan, Dasht Abas, Mehran, Eivan, Holeylan and Darreh Shahr during 2016 - 2017. Nine microsatellite (SSR) primer pairs revealed that the average number of alleles in populations were 34, the number of alleles in populations varied from 27 alleles in Dehloran and Mosiyan as the lowest to 40 alleles in Darreh shahr as the highest. Observed alleles (N_a) number and effective number of alleles (N_e) were higher in Mehran (N_a = 1.860; N_e = 1.463) compared to other populations. The genetic diversity (H_e) was higher in Holeylan (H_e = 0.284) and Shannon's information index (I) was also higher in Mehran (I = 0.436) but lower values were estimated for Mosiyan (H_e = 0.195; I = 0.303). The lowest genetic distance was found between Dehloran and Mosiyan (0.013) while the highest genetic distance was revealed between Dehloran and Darehshahr (0.139). Total gene diversity (H_t) and gene diversities between subpopulations (H_s) were estimated at 0.292 and 0.249 respectively. Gene diversity attributable to differentiation among populations (G_st) was 0.147, while gene flow (N_m) was 2.890. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA showed the lowest genetic distance between Dehloran and Mosiyan and then Dasht abas. The dendrogram indicated a high genetic distance between Darehshahr and the six remaining populations. Results from this study will be useful in breeding program of crown and root rot resistant cultivars and developing control methods for this disease. 

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Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield-limiting factors in chickpea, particularly in west and northwest of Iran. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) were used to determine genetic structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris populations from three infected areas located in west and northwest provinces of Iran during 2016-2017. A set of six microsatellite primer pairs revealed 35 alleles in each locus with an average of 5.83 per locus. The PIC value varied from 0.20 (FOAG11) to 0.39 (FODF7) with an average of 0.27 per locus. The average number of effective alleles (N_e), Number of private alleles (N_a), allelic variability per locus (H), Shannon's Information Index (I) and percentage of Polymorphic Loci (%PL) in three populations were 1.33, 1.97, 0.2208, 0.357, and 74.29, respectively. The average genetic distance was calculated among the three populations. Nei’s pair-wise genetic distances between the populations varied from 0.0202 to 0.98. The total gene diversity (H_t) and gene diversities between subpopulations (H_s) were estimated to be 0.2208 and 0.2079, respectively. Gene diversity attributable to differentiation among populations (G_st) was 0.0585, while gene flow (N_m) was 8.0412. The AMOVA of genetic variation in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris populations revealed that 5% of the variance occurred among populations and 95% within populations. PhiPT value was 0.054. The lowest genetic distance was found between Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan with Lorestan populations, while the highest genetic distance was observed between Lorestan and Kermanshah populations.

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The sanctity of the medical profession in our society is rooted in both religious teachings and rich Iranian culture. For this reason, in Islamic jurisprudence, the subject of medicine and Iatrology has been the subject of extensive technical and legal discussions as a separate chapter. On the other hand, the principle of good faith and mutual trust in the doctor-patient relationship requires both parties by respecting their agreement, do not refuse to fulfill their obligations without a valid excuse. The main question is to what extent the good faith is based on the responsibility of the doctor. It is affect? In this article, with a comparative study of the French legal system and jurisprudential sources, while examining the theories related to the relationship between the doctor's responsibility and the intention of beneficence and good faith, it was concluded that the existence of good faith is both effective and also is regarded as a factor to reduce the amount of damage which is compensable.