---

Literature is one of the most important factors of cultural transferring for every nation and has elements and components as complex as life and culture. If we consider criticism as a tool of leading literature to creativity, then we will perceive its crucial situation among the societies because the alive conscience of literature releases it from self deception. Critics select different procedures in the frame of their proficiency and interest in this way. Moral criticism, social criticism, psychological criticism, historical criticism, aesthetic criticism and comparative criticism are of the most important branches of literary criticism that besides merging with other sciences, they prove the dependency of literature on science from one hand and on the culture of society on the other. This research, using an analytical approach to social criticism, aims to reach a kind of convergence beyond the different and sometimes contradictory ideas in this field, while explicating the foundations of social criticism in literature. Therefore, to assume the society as the subject of a writer's thoughts instead of his/her source of thought, defining the individuality of an artist or a writer (which helps to distinguish his/her point of view and accepting the artistic aspect of literary works as the distinction between science and art) removes a lot of challenges in this field.

---

Prison literature is one of the branches of literary criticism that has been shaped by various political and social currents and narrating the sincere feelings of those who have often been detainedand persecuted for seeking freedom. Reza Barahani (1935) and Abdul RahmanMajeed al-Rubaie (1939) are the contemporary writers of Persian and Arabic literature who are pioneer in this field. The novel Bad az Arose cheGozasht(What happened after the Wedding) describes the harsh and insulting attitudes of SAVAK officers with political prisoners in the form of noble character Shahir and reflects the political atmosphere in the era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.  The novel Alvashm also presents an image of the defeat of the first republican system and the return of tyranny to Iraqi society between 1958 and 1963, in the form of Karim al-Nasri's personality. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the American Comparative Literature School, examins and compares the two selected novels from the perspective of the prisonliterature and concludes that the purpose of both writers was to draw the intellectual space and the way governments then interacted with intellectuals in Iran and Iraq, with this difference that the political condition of the two countries have brought different outcomes for the heroes.
 

---

Alienation is an inner feeling caused in individuals resulted from anxiety and stress in social, political, and economic circumstances. Alienation emerges with feelings such as anger, worry, disappointment, fiasco, and solitude resulting in behaviors such as norm-breaking, revolt or isolationism. This phenomenon is also proposed in literature like other sciences especially because poets and writers are mostly considered as among thinkers and intellectuals of every society. With a descriptive-analytic approach, this research tries to reveal and explain types of alienation in the poetry of Ghada al-Samman, a Syrian contemporary poet. Ghada al-Samman, due to some incidents such as her mother’s death in childhood, divorce and emotional failure, social bottlenecks, identity crisis due to the 1967 defeat, being far from home in Europe and familiar with feminist thought experienced alienation which is well reflected in her poems. The results of this study also indicate types of alienation including local, emotional, social, and political in poet’s works. In addition, the results also found that she applied two mechanisms while confronting with such circumstances namely, return to the past and imagination.