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For decades, both researchers and EFL learners have been interested in native-like pronunciation. While extensive research has delved into a variety of pedagogical approaches and the complexity of English phonology, an unanswered question is how high-proficiency EFL learners achieve the elusive goal of native-like pronunciation in spoken English. To this end, this multiple-case study aimed to explore the multifaceted strategies employed by 15 high-proficiency EFL learners who had mastery in pronunciation and were selected using the maximum variation sampling method. Data was gathered through the use of diaries and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed with NVivo software version 10, and two main themes were extracted: teacher-directed (TD) and self-directed (SD) pronunciation learning strategies. Regarding the TD strategies, some participants (46%) acknowledged actively engaging with structured tasks and assignments facilitated by teachers. They highlighted the role of in-class (36%) and out-of-class (64%) activities in their journey to master pronunciation. The SD strategies were reported by about half of the participants (54%) in their quest for pronunciation mastery, which included self-talk (48%), podcast listening (29%), shadowing (12%), and reading aloud (11%). This study contributes valuable insights into relevant literature and offers evidence of the interconnectedness of TD and SD strategies in pronunciation improvement. The findings have several implications for further research or practice about pronunciation mastery.

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Environmental differences and similarities are the driving factor of travel and tourism; The Africa will be one of the main destinations for tourists in the future, with a great variety of tourist attractions, especially natural and historical. Available statistics show this fact well. All this can be a good opportunity to develop relations between Iran and African countries; Therefore, it is necessary to identify and introduce them to formulate strategic plans. Tourism is a suitable field for the development of cooperation, and paying attention to tourism and including it in diplomatic programs and relations will help to expand relations and remove obstacles; Therefore, in diplomatic relations, serious planning for a more detailed understanding of Africa, including its tourism market, should be put on the agenda. The main purpose of this article is to introduce Africa's environmental capabilities in the field of tourism with reference to the continent's plans in this regard and to answer the question of how tourism can be an effective element in the development of relations between countries. The research method is documentary and library studies and referring to statistics and figures related to tourism to provide solutions for the development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The general result of the present research shows the absence of a written program from the I.R. Iran for the development of tourism with Africa. A special suggestion in this regard is to prioritize tourism as a phenomenon with socio-cultural, economic and even political dimensions in the macro plans.

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Objective correlative is the non-vocal expression of emotions through a set of sophisticated situations, events which bring to the reader the same emotions. In other words, the writer instead of direct expression of emotions, illustrates them by object, situations and events in order to influence the reader. This disinterested or impersonal theory of foregrounding emotions or experiences in art and poetry is also being used in the poetic vocations of both Nima and Shamloo. So the present comparative study intends to show the manifestation of the term objective correlative in some of the poems by these two poets, which does not seem to have received so far a significant attention by the researchers. Of Nimas poems, the authors have selected: Guard of night, Night whole night and Night, Call him, and of Shamloo’s poetical vocations they have chosen: Rejected, Where is the flower, There is nothing to say, Euology, Connection, Ibrahim in the fire, and Plan.      

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The issue of management and planning for urban fringe in different countries always experience different approaches, attitudes that are generally in the form of protection or development of urban fringe and surroundings areas, because it depends on political, economic and institutional developments over time. For this reason, there is no uniform and formal definition of urban fringe among different countries. Over the past five decades, city of Tehran has adopted different policies in the plans and provided projects which were different in the preparation and implementation. In the present study, five decades of planning for the Urban Fringe of Tehran are investigated and analyzed, and these programs have been studied and analyzed from two dimensions of policy and quality. The paper is applied and is based on a non-intrusive interpretive approach. The information gathering tools are library studies and use of various sources and texts. The study's findings for policy analysis identified five categories (management, planning, organization, conservation, development) and for analyzing the quality of the seven categories (program presentation, effect of reality, popular participation, infrastructure capacity, land status, implementation and adaptability). The results of the analysis of the programs show that in the developed programs the main approach and policy is based on the protection of Urban Fringe, which in order to achieve it should improve the integrity (due to the way of implementation) and legitimacy (due to lack of public participation) of the programs.

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There are very few reports discussing the higher level phylogeny of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) and their roles in the evaluation of these insects. So, the aim of this work is to study the phylogeny of genera of the suborder Ischnocera in Saudi Arabia using morphological, ecological and molecular criteria trying to answer a very important question about ecological factors that affecting their evolution. The results show high degree of similarity between phylograms produced by morphological and ecological criteria and that produced by genes sequencing data of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1). The rooted trees showed several clusters for head chewing lice and this indicated that the phenomenon of parasitizing birds’ heads evolved several times in the clade of chewing louse. This is also indicating that the position on host played a very important role in shaping the diversity of these insects. The unrooted tree which produced by analysis of COI and (EF-1) also supports the previous conclusion but added to it the impact of host habitat on such diversity. The evolutionary distance between marine birds’ chewing lice was very small and all of them appear in single line or group which far from that of terrestrial taxa of the chewing lice. Both the host habitat and the feeding position of chewing lice on their hosts played a very important role in the way by which this group of insects evolved.

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Literature has a special position in representing society. The novel is a special literary genre and a perfect mirror which reflects and reveals the events, progress, growth and change of the society. Most especially in both countries of Iran and Senegal, this style of writing has been accompanied by the social and cultural changes. Family is the most important and fundamental element of the community. The main role of the story is been played by the family in most contemporary novels. The concept of family plays a key role in most contemporary novels, and the main role of the story is always introduced in the family. On the other hand, the roles that humans take in their families often expresses the realities of the community. Regarding the political and social conditions governing each period, the way writers pay attention to family issues. In this article, we have studied the comparison and analysis of family in Iranian and Senegalese contemporary novels (showhare Aho khanom and so long a letter), in response to these questions, which are these similarities as well as the structural differences of the family in the contemporary novels of these two nations and how they emerged narratively. In addition of studing family in novels, this research is also a kind of comparison between Iranian and Senegalese cultures, and the important works of contemporary writers in these two nations are compared, which can help the develop of comparative literature in both countries.

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The chalcidine wasp genus Conura Spinola, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is reviewed from the Oriental region. A New World species of xanthostigma group (C. abdominalis (Walker, 1861)) and an unnamed species represented by male specimens belonging to maculata group are reported for the first time from the Oriental region, India (Kerala). Diagnosis of species occurring in the Oriental region and a key to species are provided.

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Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Engineering analysis of peristalsis in the ureter can be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference Abstract- Urine production and excretion has been one of the intricate problems investigated in the field of biomechanics. However, the mechanism that transports urine from the kidney into the bladder has not been fully understood. Realization of peristalsis in the ureter may be helpful in better understanding of function and abnormalities of this organ of the urinary system and also aid in the design of flow aided devices such as valves and stents to remove these abnormalities. In this paper, urine isolated bolus transportation in the ureter was simulated using ureteral anatomical data during peristalsis. Urine pressure distribution in the ureter, shear stress of ureteral inner wall, bolus dynamic deformations during its propagation and the effect of pressure difference between the kidney and the bladder on the quantity of reflux and efficiency of urine transportation as a result of peristalsis, were investigated. A computational model was presented that used the tools of computational fluid dynamics, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and adaptive mesh algorithm in the fluid domain. In the structure domain, it utilized Arruda-Boyce non-linear model and contact condition. The major benefits of this model comparing to previous studies were that the ureteral wall displacements were not pre-determined during peristalsis and luminal pressure variations influenced on it. Finite element equations of fluid and structure were solved using fluid-structure interaction method (FSI) and direct coupling. Results of this research showed that the proximal portions of ureter were under higher magnitudes of shear stress. Moreover, increase of the bladder pressure magnified the quantity of ureteropelvic reflux in the case of dysfunction of ureteropelvic junction, and resulted in a higher peristaltic efficiency transporting ureteral bolus into the bladder.

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A new species, Epitranus longicaudatus sp. nov., is described with illustrations from South India, expanding the genus Epitranus Walker to 73 species globally and 18 from India. The new species is compared with the congeneric species E. salinae Narendran, originally described from Malaysia. Both E. longicaudatus sp. nov. and E. salinae are easily identified within the monotypic subfamily in having large metasoma, more than twice as long as petiole and having gastral terga following the first, telescopic and retracted beneath the first. E. salinae is also diagnosed and illustrated using digital images for the first time. These two species complex is the largest of all described Epitranus.

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In this study, the geometrical changes at cathode electrode in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been considered by inserting baffle plates across the channel. The effects of the blockage with various gap ratios, shape, thickness and numbers of the baffle plates, and the porosity of the diffusion layer on the oxygen transport and the pressure drop across the channel length are explored. It is revealed that partially blocked oxygen channel with rectangular baffle has the most velocity and oxygen concentration in the gas diffusion layer/catalyst layer interface than that of the other shape of plates; however results in a penalty of high pressure-loss. Increasing the porosity of gas diffusion layer (GDL), baffle plate thickness and baffle number and/or reducing the gap size in order to enhance the reactant gas transport result in pressure loss. Here, among the parameters considered, the porosity of GDL, gap ratio and plate number have the most remarkable impact on the oxygen transport to GDL and variation in pressure drop.

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Today, policymakers and economists use widely rational expectations (RE) in monetary, financial and regulatory policies to improve their country economic performance. In some of the pertinent models to these policies, expectations have been formed by assuming rationality and full information on economics. Indeed, economic agents have no perfect information about some parameters of these models. These unknown parameters can be estimated in the form rational expectations during learning process. In this research, the impact of government policies on the inflation rate has been modeled on the basis of rational expectations under learning process. Data has been gathered from Central Bank of Iran (CBI) and Iran’s economic development plans over the period 1989-2009. Results show that current inflation in the country originates mainly from economy structure and government policies, so share of public inflationary expectations is negligible. In addition, the learning process in Iran will converge to rational expectations, thus government policies for reducing inflation and increasing employment are inefficient. It is recommended that government adopt unanticipated and sudden policies to be effective its plans.

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An optimum humidification of the reactant gases of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell extremely affects its performance. Here, an analytic model of a membrane humidifier for PEM fuel cell is proposed where the effect of mass flow rates, inlet temperatures and pressures are investigated. The governing equations: water transfer equation and the law of conservation of energy in whole humidifier are written, which form a Non-linear system of equations, solved through FORTRAN software. At each stage, the outlet temperatures, the water transfer rate, relative humidity and the dew point at dry side outlet are calculated and discussed. The closer the dry side outlet dew point to the wet side inlet dew point, leads to the better humidifier performance. The results show that an increase in mass flow rate at dry side inlet leads to the weaker humidifier performance; while, an increase in mass flow rate at wet side inlet leads to the better performance. An increase in the pressure at dry side inlet enhances humidifier performance; while, the pressure at wet side inlet does not affect significantly on humidifier performance. Here, preheating the dry gas is not essential and use the cooler wet gas is recommended

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This paper examines and models the causes of deferring repayments in Qarz Al-Hasaneh Mehr Bank (QMB) of Iran. In the model, the effects of explanatory variables, including “kind of caught guaranty from customers”, “value of caught guaranty”, “kind of facilities”, “duration of repayment” and “amount of facilities”, on dependent variable “ deferring repayment of facilities” are investigated. In this research, the statistical population consists of customers of QMB branches in Tehran provinces during 2007-2011, which was selected by cluster sampling. For modeling causes of deferring repayments, both logistic regression and discrimination analysis were used and data was analyzed with SPSS software. According to the results of research, both models were significant, but logistic regression model was more robust in predicting probability of deferring repayment of granted facilities, so that, it predicted 84.5% of deferred facilities and 54% of repaid facilities, correctly. In addition, “the kind of guaranty” (cheque and payroll deduction authorization) and “kind of facilities” have negative and positive impact on deferring repayments, respectively.

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Occlusion of cerebrospinal fluid path increases the pressure exerted by the liquid on the walls of the ventricles and ultimately leads to hydrocephalus. This research investigated a numerical index to diagnosis the non-communicating hydrocephalus disease. At first, the diagram of velocity in Sylvius aqueduct of a healthy subject, which was obtained through a 3D FSI analysis, was compared to the similar velocity diagram extracted from CINE-PC-MRI of the same subject. Then after ensuring that the two diagrams coincide with each other, was to make sure that the problem assumptions and solution are correct. The Reynolds number in Sylvius aqueduct of a healthy subject was less than 275.7 and the maximum pressure of CSF was 616.3 Pa. Further, the conditions of ventricular system in a patient suffering from non-communicating hydrocephalus were modeled. The maximum pressure has increased to 2958.5 Pa. Regarding the cause of hydrocephalus, the maximum pressure of CSF on the brain tissue in Sylvius aqueduct was introduced as an index to assess non-communicating hydrocephalus. Finally calculated CSF pressure data of this study were compared to the data obtained through the lumber puncture (LP) test and it was found that these values are proportional to each other. Based on this finding, the CSF pressure obtained by LP test was introduced as a practical numerical index for diagnosis of non-communicating hydrocephalus.

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Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death in the world and are closely related to the dynamics of the blood and arterial wall mechanics. Not only in the cardiovascular system, but also in the whole body system, the heart is the most important organ that if the blood vessels of it blockage, heart function will impaired. Effective solutions to resolve blockage of coronary is the bypass surgery in which a replacement vessel for the blood supplying to the heart is using. So study the behavior of the vessels that use for the bypass is important. The goal of this study is the investigation of the mechanical behavior of saphenous vein by using the tensile biaxial tests. So eight human saphenous samples obtained and the planar biaxial tests were performed on the tissue specimens by applying simultaneous loads along the circumferential and longitudinal directions. Then the measured data were fitted into the four-parameter Fung-type model and also to the five-parameter Mooney–Rivlin model this could be used in finite element packages for numerical analysis. The specimens were stiffer in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction. The specimens showed some degree of anisotropy.

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Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel is one of the ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.2) that produced 8.5 percent of industry value-added in Iran in 2007. Isfahan, Tehran, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Markazi provinces accounted for 90 percent of the value added in this sector. To determine competitive advantage in this sector, the regional input- output technique is used and AFLQ (Adjusted Flegg Location Quotient) is employed for making regional input- output tables. But this method is misleading, because it defines weak provinces as key sectors. This article presents new method (MFLQ) that provides better result than AFLQ. Isfahan (as a developed province) is not key sector in AFLQ method but it is key sector by MFLQ method. 

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, commonly referred to as BTEX, are critical monoaromatic environmental contaminants around the World, of which the major aromatic contaminants in gasoline pose serious environmental health problems. Leaking tanks or ruptured pipelines pollute soil and groundwater with these compounds. Because of their polarity and very soluble characteristics, these compounds will be able to enter the soil and groundwater systems and cause serious contamination problems and threats to the public safety and environment. One of the most promising ground water remediation technologies is the use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) packed with reactive material to intercept and decontaminate plumes in the subsurface. The concept of PRBs is rather simple. Reactive material is placed in the subsurface to intercept a plume of contaminated groundwater which must move through it as it flows, typically under its natural gradient. As the contaminant moves through the Reactive material, reactions occur that alter it to less harmful or immobile species. The PRB is not a barrier to the groundwater, but it is a barrier to the contaminant. The key advantage of a reactive barrier is the passive nature of the treatment. That is, for the most part, its operation does not depend on any external labor or energy inputs. Once installed, the barrier takes advantage of the in situ groundwater flow to bring the pollutants in contact with the reactive material. The reactive material used in the barrier may vary depending on the type of contaminants being treated. The most common reactive agent used to date has been granular iron. For contaminants of unknown treatability or media of unknown reactivity, addressing these issues will involve laboratory studies using both batch and column techniques. As for any remedial technology, it is imperative to fully understand the factors that can result in either effective implementation and successful remediation or failure to achieve the remedial design objectives. Iron nanoparticles are increasingly being applied in soil and grounwater remediation and hazardous waste treatment. Nearly two decades after iron nanoparticle was first proposed, the iron nanoparticle technology is at a critical point of its development process. Extensive laboratory studies have verified that nanoscale iron particles are effective for the treatment of a wide range of common groundwater pollutants such as chlorinated organic solvents, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organic dyes, and various inorganic compounds. Numerous field trials have also demonstrated the favorable prospective for in situ remediation. Nonetheless, there are still substantial knowledge gaps on many fundamental scientific issues. In this Experimental study, A series of laboratory experiments in various temperatures and contaminant concentrations were conducted on Nano sized zero-valet iron (nZVI) to determine its removal efficiency as PRB reactive materials against BTEX compounds in saturated Kaolinite clays, And the initial Concentration of BTEX is reduced to 60%. Obtained results may provide required data in groundwater remediation PRB systems design.

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Cancer is a disease that begins with abnormal proliferation of cells. Genes inside each cell has issued the necessary orders to the cell. Sometimes these commands in a cell are undefined and cell has abnormal behavior and after a while some of abnormal cells can circulate in blood or change into tumors. In A numerical study was carried out on the heating effect of magnetic nanoparticles used in hyperthermia with the goal of attaining a desired rise of temperature at a particular point of location of the tumor situated inside the muscle. A numerical scheme is proposed to solve the bioheat transfer problem in a two zone tissue in spherical geometry with blood perfusion and metabolism. The analytical solution evidences the accuracy of the numerical scheme and examines the results in the literature. Bio-heat equation is used to predict the temperature rise in term of characteristics of the magnetic nanoparticles, applied magnetic field and the tissue. Results show that the strength of applied AC magnetic field has the minor effect, the volume fraction and the frequency of applied AC magnetic field has moderate effect and the diameter of nanoparticles has the major effect on the temperature rise. among materials investigated in this study, FePt has the most pronounced effect. Also, the temperature rise for a position- independent perfusion rate is larger than that found for a position-dependent perfusion rate. Likewise, the temperature rise for a temperature-dependent metabolism rate is larger than that found for a temperature-independent metabolism rate.