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In this study, the spatial distribution of overwintered adults of Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton, was investigated by using dispersion parameters and indices, mathematical distribution, and regression techniques in rainfed wheat fields by sample size of 1 m² in 2009 and 2010. The dispersion parameters including: mean-variance test and clumping parameter () showed that the overwintered adults of Sunn pest population followed the negative binomial distribution pattern. Furthermore, the dispersion indices including: variance to mean ratio, Lloyd's index of mean crowding and Morisita index also confirmed the aggregated distribution pattern of overwintered adults of Sunn pest. Also, mathematical distribution and Taylor's power law () and Iwao's patchiness regression () showed the contagious distribution of overwintered adults of E. integriceps. These results can be useful in patch spraying for control of overwintered adults of E. integriceps in early season in wheat fields.  

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Aims: The need for new antibacterial drugs is justified because many pathogens are currently resistant to available antibacterial drugs, and this is an alarming threat to the health of future generations. 1, 3, 4‑Oxadiazole has been shown to pose a wide range of antibacterial activity. Some of the marketed drugs also possess this heterocyclic moiety.  
Materials & Methods: The new derivatives of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole were synthesized using a single-stage, high-yield method. Then, to measure the antibacterial activity of prepared derivatives agar well diffusion method was employed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined at a concentration of 1mg/mL with three replications.
Findings: Compounds 4a, 4d, and 4i exhibited a promising antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii PTCC1855. Among the three compounds mentioned, compound 4i showed the best performance with IZ=22±0.75 m.m , MIC=500µg/mL and MBC=125µg/mL at a concentration of 1mg/mL.
Conclusion: The new 1, 3, 4‑Oxadiazole derivative (4i) was shown to be a promising compound for pharmaceutical applications, by adding other functional groups to its structure, it is possible to increase the destructive power of the compound.

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ta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8">ta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>ta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15">Aims: Antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the most challenging public health problems in the world. The need for new antibacterial and antifungal drugs is justified because many pathogens are currently resistant to available drugs. Several components of 1, 3, 4‑oxadiazoles have been shown to pose a wide range of antibacterial activities.
Materials & Methods: The new derivatives of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole were synthesized using a single-stage method. The structure of derivatives was evaluated by IR, H-NMR, C-NMR, and GC-Mass methods. Then to measure the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the prepared derivatives at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, agar well diffusion method was employed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) were determined with three replications.
Findings: The study of antibacterial properties of the prepared derivatives showed the highest activity of the compounds 4b-g against Enterococcus faecalis strains, among which the compound 4g with IZ= 55.66 ± 0.5 mm and MIC=31.25 mg/mL had the greatest effect compared to the others. Also, the compound 4f with MIC= 125 mg/mL had a powerful effect against E. faecalis strains. In the case of fungal samples, the highest activity of the compound 4b was with IZ=12.33±0.5 mm against Candida glabrata and with IZ=13.33±0.5 mm against C. krusei strains.
Conclusion: The new 1, 3, 4‑oxadiazole derivatives (4b, 4d, and 4g) with tolyl, dimetylphenyl, and methoxyphenyl groups were shown to be a promising compounds for pharmaceutical applications so that by adding other functional groups to their structure, it is possible to increase the destructive power of these compounds.

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The four elements have a key position between ancient myths .Also they have gained the attention of many philosophers, physicians, and mysticians. These elements have also represented in literature, and Gaston Bachelard categorizes human material imaginations based on the elements of water, fire, soil, and wind. According to Bachelard, to recognize the original poets one should consider their closeness from these elements and their distance from these elements. He beleives that the artistic works get their dynamics from the dept of relation  with four elements which widely represented in an artistic form in Surah Al-Qasas. The semiotic square depicts the dynamic verbal process and relies on the speech relation. The aim of the present research is to find the effect of four elements on semiotic transformation to discover their effects on the hidden and abstract layers of the text. In this way the authors have attempted to study the function of these natural elements within the story of Moses and Pharaoh by adopting a descriptive-analytical research methodology.The results showed that the four elements have considerable similarity to the target community of Moses Prophecy (Egyptian society). Water is the beginner of sloving humanity. Fire is a sign of change and rebirth. The highest frequency belongs to the element of soil. Also the four elements of the communication axis figure out contradiction opposition in the semiotic axis of mission and guidance.
 
1. Introduction
 Greimas’ semiotic  model, an analytical tool utilized in the field of linguistic research, is based on binary contrasts or semantic categories. Greimas places the abstract meanings of the text in a double opposing structure and depicts the dynamics of the meanings of the stories using the semiotic square. In this structure, binary pairs, one with a positive value and the other with a negative one, shapes a conceptual network, which determines the relationship between the implicit layers of the text and the underlying syntax of the narrative. The semiotic square is one of the dimensions of semiotics that illustrates the process of mobility and dynamics of speech, acting as the building block of the discourse system.
The semiotic structure of discourse consists of both formal and implicit meanings. Since the four elements are reliant on material imagination, and according to Bachelard theory, these elements also express implicit concepts and create double opposing images, the opposition of the natural elements in the story of Moses and Pharaoh can be analyzed based on the contradiction of semiotic square categories alongside Bachelard literary theory concerning the four elements. Bachelard analyzes literary images in accordance with the four elements of water, fire, earth and wind. To him, the literary image needs the representation of these elements for its development.
 
2. Questions and Hypotheses
 The primary question raised in the present study is “What is the role and function of opposing categories in deepening the story of Prophet Moses (pbuh) and Pharaoh?” The second question is “What is the message conveyed by four elements in the trajectory of the protagonist and antagonist? The third question is concerned with the effectiveness of the four elements, and their effect on the progress of the semiotic evolution of the story.
The assumption is that these elements are affirmative concepts in the protagonist axis and privative concepts in the antagonist axis. As regards the other two questions, the authors assume that the four natural elements have influenced the semiotic evolution of the story and deepen the implicit meanings.
 
3. Research method
The authors have used both theories of semiotic square and Bachelard theory of imagination criticism to study the semiotics of four elements in the story of Prophet Moses (pbuh) and Pharaoh in Surah Qasas. Thus, an integrated approach has been adopted in this paper. The authors first explain and analyze the four elements of water, wind, earth and fire based on Bachelard theory of imagination critique using a descriptive analytical method. Then, using the semiotic square, these elements are investigated in the form of opposing categories. By doing so, the authors  analyze the opposition of these elements as well as the trajectory of the protagonist (Prophet Moses (pbuh)) and antagonist’s (Pharaoh) actions in four affirmative and privative situations and their relationships.
 
4.Innovation
Despite the wealth of scholarly attention on semiotic theories, the semiotic square has been rarely applied to the analysis of Quranic stories. In this regard, the necessity and importance of the present research is not only limited to the analysis and application of this method to the analysis of Qur'anic stories, but also to the integration of this linguistic approach with Bachelard literary criticism, which is a new approach in the realm of literary and Qur'anic research.
 

1.  Results

Using the semiotic square and the four elements of Bachelard in the analysis of the story of Moses (pbuh), the authors found that these elements have contributed to advance the conjunctive and disjunctive discoursive processes of the story. In such a way, their formal meanings have deepened the implicit meanings in the story. As a result, the semiotic evolution has been successfully conveyed to the reader. The results also revealed that the four elements correspond to the community of Prophet Moses (pbuh) (Egyptian society). Water marks the beginning of human salvation. Fire symbolizes change and rebirth. Earth element is used more frequently in a prominent manner. Also, in the semantic axis of mission and guidance, the four elements of the communication axis create a contradictory opposition.
In the end, it should be argued that a certain linguistic acumen has been exercised in the selection of Quranic words by the narrator, which inspires tangible images for the reader. The immersion of Pharaoh and his companions in the sea is a familiar image for the Egyptian readers, for they believe that water embodies the annihilation of this world. Therefore, the richness of words in the story of Moses and the juxtaposition of linguistic combinations in producing thrilling and conceptual images should not be overlooked. Though an element of liberation, water may also indicate the end of life. In fact, the contradiction in nature has highlighted the beauty of the syntax and discourse of the story of Prophet Moses (pbuh), because beauty emerges from the juxtaposition of the opposites.

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Plant extracts and nanoparticles prepared from them due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties can be used to increase the shelf life of meat. In the present study, the biodegradable film of polylactic acid containing silver nanoparticles synthesized from Satureja rechingeri extract on the physicochemical and microbial properties of chicken fillet at refrigerated temperature was investigated. So that the control sample (code 1), chicken fillet coated with biodegradable film of polylactic acid (code 2), chicken fillet coated with biodegradable film of polylactic acid containing Satureja rechingeri extract (code 3) and the Chicken fillet coated with biodegradable polylactic acid film containing silver nanoparticles synthesized from Satureja rechingeri extract (code 4) at 4°C in chemical, microbial and sensory properties at intervals of 0, 3, 7 and 14 The days were examined. The results showed that the mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria for Satureja rechingeri extract containing silver nanoparticles was significantly higher than Satureja rechingeri extract (p≤0.05). In all the studied days except the first day, the lowest pH of thiobarbituric acid belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05). Also, on the third and seventh days, the highest L* color component belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05). On all the examined days, except on the first day, the lowest population of mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, mold and yeast, and mold and yeast, as well as the highest score of all sensory factors (odor, color, texture, overall acceptance) belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05).Sample 4 was selected as the superior treatment for higher sensory score and more desirable microbial properties.