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Showing 27 results for Najafian
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
In this research, teaching Persian nominal suffixes and affixoid (kar, gar, ban, baz, -ande) in derived words to non-Persian speakers using two explicit and implicit methods has been discussed. In direct/explicit approach, the achievements and fundamentals of cognitive morphology approach developed by Hamawand (2011) were used, and in indirect/incidental approach, texts containing derived words were taught to language learners. In this study, 16 Farsi learners at advanced level from Azfa Center of Allameh Tabatabai University and Shahid Beheshti University were examined in the form of two control and experimental groups. Language learners participated in two tests as pre-test and post-test. The results of this research, based on descriptive statistics, showed that teaching noun suffixes by using Hamavand's achievements and cognitive morphology and the three cognitive functions of categorization, configuration and conceptualization along with prototype and periphery concepts can be effective and useful in improving vocabulary knowledge. In general, it seems that informing Persian learners about the lexical and semantic structure of derived words increases their linguistic knowledge and learning level.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract
Mercury levels in hepatopancreas, muscle and exoskeleton tissues of male and female green tiger prawn, P.semisulcatus, from the Persian Gulf were compared. Significantly higher levels (p<0.05) of mercury in female prawn and hepatopancreas tissue were encountered (p<0.05). Significantly higher concentration (p<0.05) of the mercury was also observed in summer than in winter season. This variation could result in internal biological cycle of the organism or variation in bioavailability of mercury in environment.
Volume 5, Issue 17 (10-2017)
Abstract
Apology is an important social-pragmatic phenomenon in politeness field of study. This paper explores the apology strategies in Kurdish language by qualitative and quantitative methods. It sheds light on analyzing the data collected with the discourse completion task from 120 Kurdish subjects, supported by 24 interviews during 2016. The participants are divided by gender into 60 males and 60 females in the DCT data; 12 males vs 12 females. The results show use of similar apology strategies by both gender groups over situations, but with proportionally different frequencies, except in certain situations due to gender differences. In addition to gender as a striking social variable in Kurdish culture, the study also explores the significance of age and social status of subjects in conceptualizing apology acts. The study also displays the effect of the apology recipient’s social features on the subjects’ conceptualization and their obligation to apology. The clear significance of the apology supporting sub-strategies is also revealed in the study. The findings of the study are not consistent in many cases to those of other researchers, mainly western ones, with regard to the effect of gender and the use of responsibility strategy as an essential strategy other cultures. the study shows the collective features of the Kurdish culture which make them apologize differently, in certain situations, from other cultures. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the diversity of the apology strategies is based on the nature and severity of offence that can vary according to social norms prevailing in Kurdish culture.
Volume 7, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 34), Fall Special, (Articles in Persian) 2016)
Abstract
Abstract: Current study is a pioneer quantitative analysis of Mazandarani (Tabari) language varieties, and aims to contribute to Mazandarani Dialectometry, as well as to substantiate its dialect continuum. We applied a computational measure of pronunciation differences to a database of 4521 word pronunciations of 62 entries –originating in “The National Project of The Linguistic Atlas of Iran”- from 73 sites throughout northern Iran -bounded to the Myankaleh Peninsula in North, to the Alborz Mountains in South, to Gorgan Golf in East, and to the Babolsar and Savadkuh cities in West. 38% of subjects were females their average age and education were respectively 36 years and 6 years of primary school. The result is a comprehensive view of the increasing aggregate pronunciation differences from Southeast to Northwest. The calculated language distance index outlined Galeshi as a Mazandarani dialect and four Mazandarani regional accents mapped in Northeastern (Myankaleh Peninsula), Southeastern (Galugah County), Central (Naka and Sari districts), and western (Juybar City) regions.
Volume 8, Issue 7 (No. 7 (Tome 42), Winter Special, (Articles in Persian) 2017)
Abstract
According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Moreover, its semantic structure has another two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the track followed or the location occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location.
The present research focuses on the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian language. In order to seek the notion, research data have been analyzed based on Talmy's theoretical framework (2000), and the components of motion in these verbs have been investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Consequently, seeking the notion of transitivity in motion verbs, the research includes 219 Modern Persian verbs from two sites (Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB) and Hamshahri Online news website). Among those mentioned motion verbs, 126 cases were intransitive and 63 were transitive. Based on the main goal of the research, the question was raised; “what is the difference between the figure and the ground in transitive and intransitive verbs?” it is necessary to mention, the criterion for determining the transition is following the pattern of "NP1, transitive verb, NP2".
Persian language express a Motion event using the transitive construction in which the subject denotes the Figure (the moving entity) and the object denotes the Ground (the reference object). In Persian language, in most cases, verbs can express a motion event in the Intransitive Construction. . In Persian, the object usually depicts the referral point or path based on the semantic features of the verb. In cases of causative verbs, the object is the same as the figure that makes the displacement. In addition, in the intransitive structures, the subject is the figure and intransitive verbs demonstrate a change or a new position. In these examples, the path is often shown through a prepositional phrase.
Volume 9, Issue 6 (No. 6 (Tome 48), (Articles in Persian) 2018)
Abstract
It is a long time that linguistic researches have examined various corpuses, including religious texts, especially the analysis of Quranic texts. Because of its inexperienced and abstract nature, the field of religion is one of the areas where the need for metaphorical comprehension is felt more.
Nahj al-Balaghah is a significant Islamic / Shiite text with unique linguistic and rhetorical features which make the text worthwhile for studying conceptual metaphors, but no doubt, understanding metaphors cannot reveal all aspects of such texts. In some cases, recognizing and analyzing conceptual metaphors, despite being helpful, cannot go beyond a certain limit. In fact, limiting the research to mere identification of conceptual metaphors will keep a major part of the message unrevealed. The process of meaning construction is not a simple mapping between form and meaning and the systematic use of forms does not have the ability to accurately account for cognitive functions. Cognitive semanticists who have been searching for a way to explain and define the reasons and manners of meaning making processes in mind and language, gradually, proposed a theory called Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002); According to Fauconnier & Turner, these blends are not made in the form of distinct patterns, but act as a network of conceptual blends. Four spaces are involved in the formation of meaning: 1. Input space1 which is the conceptual space of the source domain, 2. Input space2 which is the conceptual space of the goal domain. Mapping of input spaces1 and 2, 3.Generic space and, 4. Blend space which is based on the projection of two input spaces on the third space.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the metaphor and explain its features and functions in the context of Nahj al-Balaghah based on conceptual blending theory, too.
It is worth noting that review of the researches carried out in the field of conceptual integration theory has shown that no research in the field of religious texts and especially Nahj al-Balaghah has been done in the framework of this theory.
The research method applied here is descriptive and its method is content analysis of the case. Sermon 87 (The introduction of the perfect human model), which is one of the most significant sermons in Nahj al-Balaghah, has been analyzed as a special case. In this study, by examining sermon 87, the stages of meaning construction is depicted through the analysis of the structure of the meaning and the cognitive mechanism of understanding the meaning. The purpose of the research is to determine which of the different types of the blending of meaning construction exists in this Sermon, and the network of conceptual blends in it is the result of going through which stages of the formation of meaning. The paper presents examples illustrating that there are different types of blending at different cases in this sermon. Some cases of mirror network, single-scope and double scope are presented in this paper which shows that Imam Ali (AS), by appealing to the most familiar and routine concepts used by the speakers of the Arabic language, such as"وَ اسْتَمْسَکَ مِنَ الْعُرَی بِأَوْثَقِهَا" , "قَدْ أَمْکَنَ الْکِتَابَ مِنْ زِمَامِهِ" , "مَعْقُولَهٌ عَلَی بَنِی أُمَیَّه" and many other cases like these, tried to express his metaphorical and elegant concepts. Of course, this diction is more complicated by the content and purpose, although complex sophisticated networks are less used in this sermon. In response to the second question, we can say that there are four spatial models, mapping between spaces, imperfect selection and emerging structure in all conceptual blending networks, although they have different characteristics in different networks. It seems that it is easier to imagine the imam's intended meaning through the imagination of the mental frameworks and the correspondence between the frameworks.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (Vol. 11, No. 3 (Tome 57) (Articles in Persian) 2020)
Abstract
Compound verbs in Persian are verb constructions formed by more than one simple lexeme. For example, negah kardan (literally “watch do”) is a compound verb made of a nonverbal element negah (watch) and a light verb kard-an (to do). Syntactically, they are heads which can split during sentence derivation. The light verb kard-an, merged with a nonverbal element, comprises a compound verb and it cannot determine argument and transitivity of a verb alone. If such compound verbs are lexical words, then they should not split in the sentence structure by syntactic operations. On the other hand, if they are syntactic constructions then forming a new lexeme after syntax floats some theoretical conditions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the derivational steps of one type of compound verbs and explain how it is separable in syntax. Some of the data are selected from Sokhan Dictionary and some other (used in the sentence structure) from the online version of the Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB). The results indicated that Persian compound verbs are morphological phases the edge of which is visible and accessible to syntactic operations. First, the roots negah and kard enter merging, and after merging of a phase head involving [Tense] feature (usually, a light verb category), the root kard adjoins it to obtain the [Tense] feature. Finally, if root negah remains at the phase domain (under the phase head) it should transfer to the interface levels and become inaccessible to the moved kard at the phase edge. Therefore, negah should move to the phase edge; otherwise; kard and negah should be interpreted in two different phases and could not join to form a compound verb. That is, negah is also absorbed to Spec-phase by the [EPP] feature of the phase head. Now, both of them are regarded as a compound verb and the nonverbal element at the phase edge is accessible to the syntactic operations. Hence, it can split in syntax (for more details, see Heidarizadi, et al, 2017). Finally, following Johnson (2003) a syntactic operation called "renumeration" is introduced which targets the nonverbal element at the morphological phase edge and splits it, hence leads to its separability in syntax as the derivation proceeds.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2010)
Abstract
Eighteen wheat breeding lines were evaluated along with two check cultivars across nine locations of temperate zone of Iran during two crop seasons (2003-2004 and 2004-2005). Field records were taken for some important traits especially grain yield. Combined ANOVA for nine locations in the first season and for seven locations in both seasons was undertaken. In each case, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis (AMMI) was employed and the biplot of the Interaction Principal Components (IPC) were evaluated for stability and adaptation relationships among genotypes and locations. IPC1, IPC2 and IPC3 accumulatively defining 78.4% of genotype×environment (G×E) interaction variation were found out as significant in the first crop season. Biplot of first two IPCs identified at least two sub-regions among the locations. Some genotypes (M-82-7 and M-82-17) showed specific adaptation toward one of the drought-prone sub-regions. For the combined data of both seasons, only IPC1 was significant defining 41.5% of G×E interaction variation. Thus, plot of IPC1 along with grain yield means were employed for an interpretation of adaptation relationships. Entries M-82-8, M-82-9, M-82-11 and M-82-15 showed specific adaptation to Mashhad station which was interactive and particular in behavior. The results indicated that AMMI is an informative method of stability and adaptation analysis to be employed in practical plant breeding and subsequent variety recommendations.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (September & October 2022)
Abstract
Mamasani Lori dialect is one of the southern dialects of Lori language and a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects which, like many other Iranian dialects, has significant phonetic and phonological variations. One of the notable morphonological domains in this dialect is the representation of various forms of the past morpheme. The main issue of this research is how to optimize the processes, constraints and rankings of these morphonological variations based on the optimality theory, and investigating whether there are universal rules for them? The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary, based on the list of simple verbs of Persian language (Tabatabai 1997), a list of equivalent verbs in Mamasani Lori dialect was extracted and transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet and all contexts of past allomorphs are analyzed in the data. Data analysis showed that /ɪd/ is the underlying past morpheme is the in this dialect, based on the criteria of context distribution, frequency of occurrence and application of the least rules. So, this study resulted in specifying nine allomorphs of past morpheme, (/ Ið /, / ð /, / ɑð /, / d /, / t /, / es /, / s /, / ɑs / and / Ø), and analyzing their phonetic realization based on OT in this dialect.....
1. Introduction
Mamasani Lori dialect is one of the southern dialects of Lori language and a branch of southwestern Iranian dialects which, like many other Iranian dialects, has significant phonetic and phonological variations. One of the notable morphonological domains in this dialect is the representation of various forms of the past morpheme. The main issue of this research is how to optimize the processes, constraints and rankings of these morphonological variations based on the optimality theory, and investigating whether there are universal rules for them? The importance and necessity of the current study is to preserve the heritage of the ancient Iranian languages and to provide a comprehensive description of one of the morpho-phonological sub-fields of the studied dialect. In this regard, it has been attempted to answer the following research questions while analyzing the subject: 1) What are the allomorphs of the past morpheme in Lori Mamasani's dialect? 2) In the framework of optimality theory, what processes, constraints, and rankings govern the optimal output of the allomorphs of the past morpheme, and are they governed by universal rules?
2. Methodology
The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary, based on the list of simple verbs of Persian language (Tabatabai, 1376), a list of equivalent verbs in Mamasani Lori dialect was extracted and transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet and all contexts of past allomorphs are analyzed in the data.
3. Findings
The findings showed that the tendency to weakening in the dialect of Lori Mamasani is a very common and widespread process. Data analysis showed that /ɪd/ is the underlying past morpheme in this dialect, based on the criteria of context distribution, frequency of occurrence and application of the least rules. The past morpheme includes the nine allomorphs (/ Ið /, / ð /, / ɑð /, / d /, / t /, / es /, / s /, / ɑs / and / Ø) which are realized as a result of weakening process in this dialect. In this study, some degrees of weakening in the consonant and vowel of the past morpheme / ɪd / was observed, which indicates that in general the weakening process is a function of the global constraints of LAZY in this dialect. Also, a weakening continuum has been observed in the vowel of these allomorphs, in which the tense high vowel / ɪ / in the allomorph / ɪð / is weakened to the central vowel / e / in the allomorph / es / and the lax low vowel / ɑ / in the allomorphs / ɑs / and / ɑ /. The * V (tense) constraint governs this process. In more than half of the examined data (246 verbs out of the total 446 verbs), the past morpheme realized in two forms, / Ið /, / es /. The allomorph / es / is realized as a result of the devoicing process of the voiced dental fricative phoneme / ð / in the allomorph /Ið/, which immediately realized as /s/,that is its closest phoneme based on the place of articulation feature, because there is no voiceless dental fricative phoneme / ɵ / in the phonological system of this dialect.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
The process of consonantal devoicing under the influence of sociological factors is a common process in Iranian languages and dialects. In this study, the importance of consonant and vowel weakening processes in selecting optimal outputs and allomorphs of the past morpheme is shown. It seems that this study can be generalized to the allomorphs of the past morpheme in Persian as well, because in terms of the criteria occurrence frequency, context/texture and application of the least rules in Persian, the allomorph / ɪd / can be considered as the underlying past morpheme in Persian, Contrary to the opinion of Karampour et al.(1390) who believed that other allomorphs are realized as a result of phonological processes and derivational stages/steps in Serialism optimality which has generated the other allomorphs in surface realization. Perhaps in this way it may be possible to put aside the classical distinctions and definitions of the past-stem and the present–stem and believe only in the present-stem or verb-stem, which can be redefined by adding the past morpheme / ɪd / and applying processes such as elision, insertion, assimilation, etc. based on different phonological contexts and intermediate derivational stages in optimality approach. The present study also confirms the superiority of the performance and mechanism of the Serialism to the Parallelism (standard) optimality, because, as noted, the allomorphic variations of the past morpheme are the result of successive processes of the Serialism sequential steps, in which, at each stage, a process or change is applied to the input, and a series of feeding or bleeding processes are involved in the selection of the final output, which explains the course of evolution in the intermediate stages. In parallelism, the processes and constraints of the intermediate stages of derivation are not dealt with, and the surface forms show different and varied phonetic realizations, which are classified as irregular categories in traditional grammars..Volume 14, Issue 2 (3-2012)
Abstract
Among cereals, oats are unique for their benefiting from high protein as well as lipid content. However, insufficient gluten content creates a big challenge to making breads out of this kind of cereals. Flour made of one type of bread wheat cultivar plus two types of improved oat lines were employed in this study to make composite oat-wheat flour bread. According to the data obtained from farinograph readings, water absorption capacity and the duration of the dough development increased with an increase in the dough’s proportion of oat. The data obtained from the extensograph readings showed that the dough energy increased but extensibility property decreased with increase in the proportion of oat in the dough. Breads with 10% oat flour were ranked highest by the panelists. However, from a sensory point of view, the 10% formula was found to be inferior to control (bread baked from 100% wheat flour). Overall, considering the substantial nutritional benefits of oat, a certain level of compromise in the sensory properties can be made by offering breads with 20-30% rate of oat content.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (May & June 2024)
Abstract
This paper trys to explain, based on the framework of the dynamic phase theory, how to eliminate the internal object of the verb in Persian. At first, in order to determine whether deleted internal argument in Persian verb phrase is the result of argument ellipsis (AE) or verb stranding verb phrase ellipsis (VSVPE), we apply some common diagnostic criteria in the previous studies such as verb movement out of verb phrase, verbal identity, deletion of prepositional phases as intrnal arguements, coordination structure, order of adverbs of state and objects and scrambling. Because of incapability of the mentioned diagnostic criteria in the previous literature, we resort to the dynamic approach of phase theory (Bošković: 2005, 2013, 2014). Based on this approach, we conclude that what is deleted in the verb phrase is either a phase or the complement of a phase. Accordingly, this approach can provide the readers up with a more comprehensive and economical explanation of the mentioned structure in Persian.
1. Introduction
The present essay, based on the framework of minimalist program and dynamic phase theory (Beshkovich, 2005, 2013 and 2014), is an attempt to explain the elimination of the internal argument in the structure of Persian simple sentences. Realizing the nature of the unpronounced subject as pro in various languages such as Italian (Chomsky, 1981; Rizzi, 1982) attracted the attention of some linguists, especially in the field of generative syntax, to identify the syntactic identity of these unpronounced objects. Consequently, there are two different approaches in the previous literature with regard to the nature of these objects. One of them believes in the existence of the pro in the place of such internal arguments, and the other believes in their deletion. Based on Karimi's (2016 ) idea, there is no pro in place of unpronounced internal arguments in the Persian intended structures. On the other hand, based on the second view; that is, deletion, we consider six major criteria common in different previous studies to determine the category of the deleted element. But based on these citeria, there is no consensus view in this regard. Some researchers believe in argument ellipsis (AE), while others believe in verb stranding VP-ellipsis (VSVPE) in the intended structures. Because of the duality and some cotradictions in the findings of these two views, resulted from the incapability of the mentioned diagnostic criteria in the previous literature, we resort to the dynamic approach of phase theory (Bošković, 2005, 2013, 2014).
Research Question(s)
- What is the process resulted in the deletion of the internal argument in Persian simple sentences?
- How can the dynamic phase approach provide us up with a comprehensive explanation of the process of deletion in the intended structures?
2. Methodology
This study, from the point of view of purpose and nature is theoretical and explanatory and from the point of view of method is documentary. Considering that one of the paradigms raised in generative syntax is that the data should be analyzed based on the intuition of the native speakers, in this research, the data were analyzed based on the intuitions of the authors. The process of deletion in Persian language has not been investigated based on the dynamic phase approach so far. On these account, one can argue that the present study has opened a new line of research in this field.
Chomsky’s (2000, 2001) definition of phasehood is understood as a rigid concept; that is, phasal status of a category does not depend on its syntactic context. Accordingly, CPs and VPs are always taken to be phases. This runs counter to the spirit of the Minimalist predecessor of phases; barriers (Chomsky, 1986). In the barriers system, whether a particular category is a barrier or not depends on its syntactic context. Consequently, sometimes CP is a barrier and sometimes it is not, depending on its syntactic context. In other words, while phases are defined rigidly, barriers are defined contextually.
Because of some inadequacies, a number of generative linguists have recently argued that phasehood should also be defined contextually. One of them is Bošković (2005, 2013, 2014). He argues for a particular contextual approach whereby the highest projection in the extended projection of a major (i.e., lexical) category functions as a phase. This approach is flexible as the amount of structure (including the highest phrase) projected by major categories can differ not only in different lanuages but also within a single language.
3. Results
Applying six criteria common in previous studies, we try to investigate the deletion process of unpronounced internal argument in Persian simple sentences. The findings indicate that these critera cannot attain a unanioumous explanation with regard to the syntactic process involved in the intended structures.
As a result, we resort to the dynamic phase approach (Beshkovich, 2005, 2013, 2014). The findings of this research indicates that what is deleted in the intended structures is neither the result of argument ellipsis (AE) nor verb stranding VP-ellipsis (VSVPE). Rather, the deleted constituent is a phase or the complement of a phase.
Accordingly, this study provides the readers up with a comprehensive, and consequently an econemical analysis instead of the contradictory findings of previous studies, considering the intended stuctures as a result of either argument ellipsis (AE) or Verb stranding VP-ellipsis (VSVPE).
Volume 16, Issue 2 (May & June 2025)
Abstract
Language tourism at the international level is one of the growing and attractive fields that can create opportunities for the growth and development of local communities. Investigating and identifying opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism can help the development of this field. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to identify the opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism with an interactional socialinguistics approach. The current research method is qualitative and exploratory, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered as a part of applied research. The participants in this research included experts and experienced people in the field of language tourism, professors of tourism and linguistics, tour guides, and the purposeful sampling method was used in the research. In order to collect information, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and theoretical saturation was achieved with 27 interviews. To analyze the data, the data analysis method was used using MXQDA software. The research results show that the development opportunities of Persian language tourism consist of six main categories, which include local-regional opportunities, national-social opportunities, international development opportunities, environmental opportunities, economic opportunities, and growth and development opportunities. Finally, according to the results, it is necessary to formulate appropriate plans to use the opportunities.
1. Introduction
Iran, with its rich history and culture and suitable land size, is always known as one of the cradles of civilization in the world. The linguistic and literary heritage of this country has been very fruitful, and its literature, poets and scientists have always had world fame. Language tourism is one of the types of tourism that has received less attention in Iran.
2. Literature Review
In this part of the research, the researches that have been done in the field of tourism and focused on the opportunities and benefits of tourism have been investigated. (Rostampour and Etzadifar 2014) believe that Iran's capacities and relative advantages are very high for Arab tourists, especially ShiitesThe review goes under these subheadings.
3. Research Question(s)
The main research question of this study can be formulated as follows:
What are the opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism with the approach of interactional sociolinguistics?
4. Methodology
The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose, and qualitative research in terms of analytical and exploratory type. In this research, content analysis method was used for data analysis. The community of participants included experts and experienced people in the field of language tourism, professors in the field of tourism and linguistics, and tour guides. The number of participants in this research was 27 people who were selected by purposeful sampling and their opinions were recorded through face-to-face and offline interviews (online and offline). These interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. It took between 25 and 50 minutes to conduct them, and the average duration of the interviews was 30 minutes. After taking the interviews, the raw data were studied and reread in several steps, and the raw data was first coded. After that, the search was started to extract the possible main and sub-categories of tourism development, and the codes that were more related to each other were placed under one category. After several stages of revision, the classification and naming of the main and subcategories was ensured .
5. Results
Language tourism is one of the new and growing areas in the world, which can affect other tourism areas and be greatly affected by it. In this research, the opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism are carried out with the approach of interactive sociolinguistics. This approach is important for application in language tourism. Interactional sociolinguistics in language teaching emphasizes a kind of intercultural communication to understand the language of the audience. Gumpers (1982) defined the methodological approach of interactional sociolinguistics as generally focused on face-to-face interactions where there are significant differences in the socio-linguistic background of the research participants, and social interactions through analysis. The analysis of linguistic, anthropological and sociological perspectives that are intertwined examines the construction of a linguistic sign that has a qualitative and interpretative approach. The first main category was called local-regional opportunities, which included two subcategories of promoting cultures and introducing different dialects of Iran. The second main category was called national-social opportunities, which included five sub-categories of strengthening and interdependence of society, historical, religious, artistic and literary richness of Iran.
The third main category was called international development opportunities, which included two subcategories of producing attractive content and appropriate interactions with other countries. The fourth main category was called environmental opportunities, which included two subcategories of suitable geographical situation and various natural attractions. The fifth main category was called economic opportunities, which included two subcategories of economic improvement and affordability. The sixth main category was called growth and development opportunities, which includes three subcategories of proper Persian language education, training of qualified Persian language teachers, and comprehensive development of the tourism industry.
Iran, with its rich history and culture and suitable land size, is always known as one of the cradles of civilization in the world. The linguistic and literary heritage of this country has been very fruitful, and its literature, poets and scientists have always had world fame. Language tourism is one of the types of tourism that has received less attention in Iran.
2. Literature Review
In this part of the research, the researches that have been done in the field of tourism and focused on the opportunities and benefits of tourism have been investigated. (Rostampour and Etzadifar 2014) believe that Iran's capacities and relative advantages are very high for Arab tourists, especially ShiitesThe review goes under these subheadings.
3. Research Question(s)
The main research question of this study can be formulated as follows:
What are the opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism with the approach of interactional sociolinguistics?
4. Methodology
The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose, and qualitative research in terms of analytical and exploratory type. In this research, content analysis method was used for data analysis. The community of participants included experts and experienced people in the field of language tourism, professors in the field of tourism and linguistics, and tour guides. The number of participants in this research was 27 people who were selected by purposeful sampling and their opinions were recorded through face-to-face and offline interviews (online and offline). These interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. It took between 25 and 50 minutes to conduct them, and the average duration of the interviews was 30 minutes. After taking the interviews, the raw data were studied and reread in several steps, and the raw data was first coded. After that, the search was started to extract the possible main and sub-categories of tourism development, and the codes that were more related to each other were placed under one category. After several stages of revision, the classification and naming of the main and subcategories was ensured .
5. Results
Language tourism is one of the new and growing areas in the world, which can affect other tourism areas and be greatly affected by it. In this research, the opportunities for the development of Persian language tourism are carried out with the approach of interactive sociolinguistics. This approach is important for application in language tourism. Interactional sociolinguistics in language teaching emphasizes a kind of intercultural communication to understand the language of the audience. Gumpers (1982) defined the methodological approach of interactional sociolinguistics as generally focused on face-to-face interactions where there are significant differences in the socio-linguistic background of the research participants, and social interactions through analysis. The analysis of linguistic, anthropological and sociological perspectives that are intertwined examines the construction of a linguistic sign that has a qualitative and interpretative approach. The first main category was called local-regional opportunities, which included two subcategories of promoting cultures and introducing different dialects of Iran. The second main category was called national-social opportunities, which included five sub-categories of strengthening and interdependence of society, historical, religious, artistic and literary richness of Iran.
The third main category was called international development opportunities, which included two subcategories of producing attractive content and appropriate interactions with other countries. The fourth main category was called environmental opportunities, which included two subcategories of suitable geographical situation and various natural attractions. The fifth main category was called economic opportunities, which included two subcategories of economic improvement and affordability. The sixth main category was called growth and development opportunities, which includes three subcategories of proper Persian language education, training of qualified Persian language teachers, and comprehensive development of the tourism industry.
Volume 16, Issue 88 (6-2019)
Abstract
Roasting is an important step in nuts processing and one of the ways to improve the color, flavor and unique aroma and taste, which can, in addition to positive changes, reduce the amount of nutrients in the nuts. So, It is very important to select the appropriate conditions for roasting. In this study, the effect of infrared (IR) power (400-600 W) and roasting time (4-10 min) on energy consumption, color parameters (L*, a*, b* value, ΔE, BI, SI, WI, hº), texture, moisture content and sensory properties of sunflower kernel were investigated. In addition, the regression models for the responses were obtained and the proper roasting conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Quadratic model was proposed for color change (L*، a* ،ΔE، hº، WI) and linear relation for texture, BI and moisture content and 2FI for energy consumption. Roasting at 492.5 W IR power for 9.1 min were found to be convenient or proper roasting conditions. Also, roasted kernels had acceptable quality in terms of sensory properties compared to the conventional method (hot air).
Volume 16, Issue 88 (6-2019)
Abstract
Roasting is an important step in nuts processing and one of the ways to improve the color, flavor and unique aroma and taste, which can, in addition to positive changes, reduce the amount of nutrients in the nuts. So, It is very important to select the appropriate conditions for roasting. In this study, the effect of infrared (IR) power (400-600 W) and roasting time (4-10 min) on energy consumption, color parameters (L*, a*, b* value, ΔE, BI, SI, WI, hº), texture, moisture content and sensory properties of sunflower kernel were investigated. In addition, the regression models for the responses were obtained and the proper roasting conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Quadratic model was proposed for color change (L*، a* ،ΔE، hº، WI) and linear relation for texture, BI and moisture content and 2FI for energy consumption. Roasting at 492.5 W IR power for 9.1 min were found to be convenient or proper roasting conditions. Also, roasted kernels had acceptable quality in terms of sensory properties compared to the conventional method (hot air).
Volume 16, Issue 92 (october 2019)
Abstract
In food products based on foam system, stability is important. Therefore, in this study the effect of four types of local gums (basil, cress, wild sage and lepidium perfoliatum seed) in three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) on foam stability and also different concentrations of egg white albumin (1, 2 and 3%) as a foaming agent on the physical properties of celery juice foam were evaluated and then the best foam type (minimum density, minimum drainage volume and maximum overrun) was selected. The results showed, samples containing 1.5% cress seed gum, 1% Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum, and 0.5% wild sage seed gum, had the best physical foam properties at the concentration of 1, 2 and 3% albumin, respectively. After comparing the means of the best selective samples at each level of the protein concentration (1, 2 and 3%), The sample containing 0.5% wild sage seed gum and 3% albumin, was chosen as the best sample with the lowest density (0.210 g / cm3), the highest overrun (327%) and the lowest drainage volume (0 ml), and this sample can be used in some process namely foam mat drying.
Volume 17, Issue 99 (May 2020)
Abstract
One of the successful processes in the production of trans-free-fats is chemical interesterification. In this study, the effects of chemical interesterification reaction on slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat percentage (SFC) in the blends of Ardeh oil and Palm stearin as a solid component with a weight / weight ratio (50:50 to 60:40 and 75: 25) was investigated. The interesterification reaction was carried out at a temperature of 70 ° C under vacuum conditions in the presence of 0.5% wt sodium methoxied catalyst. To achieve the suitable SMP and SFC, special operations such as (heating, chilling and stirring) were carried out on shortening. As a result, trans free shortenings were produced such as all-purpose shortening and pie crust shortening. Modeling of SFC% of chemically interesterified binary blends of Ardeh oil and Palm stearin was also performed using regression models. Preliminary studies showed that significant correlation exist between SFC and temperature or saturated fatty acids (SFA) content. The SFC curve of interesterified fats as a function of temperature (SFCf(T)( or SFA (SFCf(SFA)( and the SMP as a function of SFA (SMPf(SFA)( had S shape and could be described using the sigmoidal Gompertz model. The presented models can obviate the need for advanced instrumentation and can be especially helpful in development of new fat formulations.
Volume 17, Issue 100 (june 2020)
Abstract
Date Plum (Diospyros Lotus) has high health-promoting properties which they are mainly attributed to its available bioactive compounds. In present study, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the date plum syrup was investigated and the extract compounds identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured. Antimicrobial activity was performed on four bacteria by disc diffusion method. The research results indicated high total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the date plum extracts. Surveying antioxidant properties of date plum extract also implicate its high antioxidant properties. DPPH radical scavenging activity of date plum extract at concentrations of 800, 400, 200, 100 and 50 micrograms/milliliter has been 82% , 61.53%, 53.51%, 32.52%, 18.31%, respectively. In investigation of antibacterial properties, the date plum syrup had high inhibiting effects on growth of different types such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in high dilutions (50 and 100 mg/ml).. The date plum extract includes high amounts of sugar and functional components such as 5,5-Epoxymethano-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo (17/77%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (17/01%) and 1-allyl-3-methylindole-2-carbaldehyde (11/2%).
Arezoo Najafian, Hamid Parhizkar, Sajjad Ghasemlooy, Abbas Tarabi,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (5-2018)
Volume 18, Issue 3 (5-2018)
Abstract
In the present study, the numerical solution of the Ansys Fluent software has been used to calculate the sound produced by the high-speed flow on a cylinder using the Lighthill acoustic analogy. The calculations were carried out on a cylinder (part of the landing gear) at a speed of 70 m/s (take-off and landing speeds of airliners). The problem is initially caried out as a regular unsteady numerical solution. During the solution, aerodynamic noise data sources are stored as inputs of acoustic analyzes in files. Then, by solving the acoustic equations, the volume of produced sound (in decibel) is calculated at points that are pre-defined as the microphone in the desired coordinates. The purpose of this study is to study the ability of Fluent solution to calculate the sound generated by the flow, in addition of using a method for estimating the amount of sound increase by increasing the length of the cylinder. In the other words, due to the timing of the numerical solution, one can calculate sound generated by small length cylinder, and then, using engineering approximation, it estimates the sound of the flow around the larger-length cylinder. After the necessary calculations, results are provided as sound pressure level curves using the acoustic analogy and fourier spectral analysis. The results show that large eddy simulation turbulence model is most appropriate model for acoustic simulations. Also, the approximate method for evaluating the effect of increasing the length of the cylinder is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Volume 18, Issue 119 (january 2021)
Abstract
Meat and meat products are susceptible to microbial and chemical contamination, and microbial growth and oxidation of fats are major causes of spoilage. The use of films and food coatings, mainly due to their ability to create a combination with the properties of preventing moisture evaporation, oxygen penetration, preserving the taste, smell and color of food, increases their quality and shelf life. Medicinal plants are valuable natural resources that are considered by developed countries today. One of the most important and valuable medicinal plants is lemongrass, which has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial potential due to its phenolic compounds and sulfur-containing substances. In this study, beef minced meat was coated with oral sodium alginate coating containing lemongrass extract (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and in a 14-day period, the total count of mesophilic and cold bacteria as well as PV, TBA , PH and sensory properties of ground beef were evaluated. In data analysis, the results showed that pH, PV, TBA increased significantly during maintenance (p <0.05). However, oral coating containing 1.5% of lemon extract showed the greatest effect against controlling the increase of pH, PV, TBA and counting of mesophilic bacteria and cold-blooded bacteria during storage. Coverage with different ratios in sensory evaluation affected all sensory properties of the samples. So that the highest general acceptance score was related to the coating with 1.5% of lemon extract. As a result, alginate coating containing lemongrass extract can delay microbial spoilage and oxidation in minced beef and improve the sensory properties of minced meat during refrigerated storage.
Volume 18, Issue 121 (March 2022)
Abstract
According to increasing tendency to use low-fat or fat-free products, nowadays it is preferred to use low-fat milk for yogurt preparation. To compensate the role of fat in yoghurt viscosity, using the gums as water absorbent compounds could be useful in this regard. In this study, the effect of gum basil seeds on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-fat yogurt were evaluated. Basil seed gum in four levels (0.2, 0.15, 0.1 and 0 weight percentage) were added to low-fat yogurt and then texture profile analysis, apparent viscosity, acidity, pH and sensory evaluation on days 1, 7 and 14 was performed. According to results, acidity of the product during storage increased from 113.33 to 130.3 but pH decreased from 4.35 to 4.31. The viscosity of samples during storage climbed from 7463.3 to 8189.3 pa.s and the samples containing gum had higher viscosity than the control sample. Also the firmness and adhesiveness of yogurt containing gum rose from 89.3 g to 93.67 g in firmness and adhesiveness increased from 0/09 g.s in first day to 0.79 g.s in 14th day after production compared to control samples according to an ascending in gum percent. The syneresis fell from 7.86 g to 7.04 g. The results of evaluation showed that the gum basil seeds at level of 0.2 percent in low-fat yogurt has improved the sensory and physicochemical properties and the use of this gum at 0.2 percent in low-fat yogurt is successful.