---

The concepts of logica docens and logica utens and the discussion of the distinction between them became popular among logicians since the Middle Ages. Of course, this duality was not considered for a long time after the Middle Ages until Peirce, an American logician and pragmatist philosopher, reintroduced it into logical discussions.  Peirce himself used these concepts to express his views on the nature of logic. Today, other logicians such as Priest have used this duality to express and explain various logical issues. In discussions such as examining criticisms of logic, teaching logic, the issue of adopting a logic, logical pluralism, the issue of the possibility of reforming and revising logic, etc. Using this duality can lead to a better confrontation with problems and therefore helps to better explain problems and find solutions to them.
 

---

Russian and Persian languages, regardless of the linguistic worlds, are special languages ​​in terms of phonetic system, grammar, vocabulary, etc. and have differences with each other Since the learners have already internalized the linguistic knowledge of the first language in their minds, they are very likely to commit errors in the process of learning a second language. This phenomenon, which is mostly natural and unavoidable, is referred to as interference. The present study aims to explore the effects of interference on the errors by providing evidence from the usual errors committed by the Persian-speaking learners of Russian in the elementary level. First, the authors  attempt to detect and classify the speaking errors of the learners in terms of the type of interference, and then the authors provide an analysis of them. Phonetic tests are used to collect the data. The participants of the study were 51 elementary level students in Isfahan, Guilan and Gonbad universities. The analysis of the data suggests that the target language (Russian), as one of the influential factors contributing to interference, has a drastic impact on the errors committed by the Persian-speaking learners of Russian.
 
1. Introduction
The present study examines the role of interference and its effect on the occurrence of such errors by referring to some common mistakes of Persian-speaking Russian learners of elementary level. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the phonetic errors of Persian-speaking Russian learners, which are categorized and analyzed according to the type of interference, and the source of errors and the frequency of occurrence of each of them are specified separately. In this study, the authors seek to answer the following questions:
1. Do the language system and rules of the language being taught interfere with the corresponding rules in Persian?
 2. Which type of Mistakes are due to interlingual or intralingual errors made by Russian-learning students at the phonetic levels ?
 
2. Literature Review
The term "interference" was first adapted from physics by linguists. In linguistics, the subject of interference was first used in the second half of the nineteenth century, through which linguistic phenomena arising from the connection of one language with another were studied. The subject of interference has been discussed by many linguists and researchers, including Rosenzweig (1972), Weinrich (1972), Selinker (1974), Ziahosseiny (1999, 2009), Azimov and Shokin (2009), Choybonova (2009), Yar Mohammadi and Rashidi (2009), Barakhta (2015). Among the few studies that are somewhat close to the subject of the present study in the Russian language, the following works can be mentioned:
1. Elham Babaei Veleni (2013) in their dissertation "Comparative study of the phonetic system of Persian and Russian";
2. Gholami (2005) in a study entitled"On some common mistakes of Iranian language learners in Russian speech".
 
3. Innovation
In the last two decades, valuable and comprehensive studies in the Russian language - mostly based on areas such as Morphology, syntax, semantics, etc. - have been conducted by Iranian researchers, but no necessary and extensive  research has been done specifically and separately in the field of  Interference in the occurrence of phonetic errors of Persian-speaking Russian learners of the elementary level of the Russian language.
 
4. Methodology
The research method in the present article is based on the description and analysis of errors. The statistical population of this research consists of 51 students of the elementary level of the Russian language entering the universities of Isfahan, Guilan, and Gonbad-e Kavus in 1398. The instrument used to collect research data was the phonetic test.
 
5. Discussion and analysis
In this study, it was found that with the help of error analysis, it is possible to identify problematic cases in the field of phonology that Russian-learning students can potentially face with. In relation to phonetic interference, four categories of errors were identified: stress errors on the pronunciation of words, substitution of consonants and vowels, pronunciation of several consonants in a word, and finally errors related to the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants. The results showed that in terms of frequency of occurrence, the stress errors on the pronunciation of words has a significant share of errors, which indicates a significant difference compared to other errors in this area; in terms of the origin of the frequency of production, three categories of errors, the main cause of which is the influence of the Russian language on Persian, are more common than the error of pronouncing the sequence of two or more consonants in a word that has an interlingual origin. Therefore, based on the obtained results, it seems that phonetic interference has occurred as a result of the difference between the mother tongue (Persian) and second language (Russian) systems and, of course, the influence of the Persian phonetic system from Russian.
 
6. Conclusion
Overall, the results of the study confirm that in the process of learning Russian as a foreign language, the first language system (Persian), which is often imprinted in the minds of Russian students, does not play a significant role in errors and students often make the mistakes due to difficulty and lack of paying attention to the rules governing the language being taught. Based on the analysis of the types of errors studied and according to the results of this analysis, practical solutions can be provided to reduce the occurrence of errors in facilitating Russian language teaching for students. Description of errors can cause the teacher to pay more attention to solving problematic issues in order to advance the educational goals. It is recommended that the content related to the analyzed errors be included in the educational resources and appropriate exercises be included in the curriculum to minimize the amount of errors in language learners.
 
 

---

Two independent field experiments were carried out on two sowing dates. The experimental factors included three herbicides (trifluralin, pendimethalin, and linuron) using the method of incorporation by sowing, inter-row cultivation, and control (weed-free and weed-infested). The density of weeds 45 days after sowing, applying pendimethalin, linuron, and inter-row cultivation on the first sowing date (FSD), was 26.5, 31.8, and 45.9% less than the second sowing date (SSD), respectively. On the contrary, at the flowering stage, weeds on the SSD were 59% less than the FSD, and the average weed density in applying pendimethalin and linuron was 78.7% less than their density in the weed-infested. The height of the plant and the height of the first pod from the soil surface on the FSD were 13% and 11% higher, respectively, compared to the SSD. The average number of branches per plant with experimental treatments was 37% more than the weed-infested ones. The maximum biological yield of chickpeas in the FSD and SSD was obtained by inter-row cultivation (760 g m^-2) and pendimethalin (749 g m^-2), respectively. On the FSD, the seed yield in applying pendimethalin was 82.5%, and its average in linuron and inter-row cultivation was 86.4% more than the weed-infested control. Also, on the SSD, the average seed yield in the three mentioned treatments was 73.6% more than the weed-infested control. However, linuron and inter-row cultivation were identified as the most appropriate treatments for weed control in the early stages of both sowing dates.

---

Possibility of improving physiological traits and minituber yield of potato cultivars (cvs. Agria and Fontane) was investigated by application of plant growth regulators (BAP, ABA and BAP+ABA) at tuber initiation stage. Regardless of the cultivars, Net photosynthesis rate (Np), actual quantum yield (Φ), stomatal conductance (g_s) and Transpiration rate (T_r) of BAP-treated leaves were superior to those of the control. For Agria, the greatest Chlorophyll content (Chl) was observed in BAP-treated plants, while the highest Chl for Fontane was observed in ABA-treated plants. Increasing Np and Chl content were associated with higher Soluble Carbohydrate content (SC). BAP+ABA application increased SC of leaflets in both cultivars compared with the control. Tuber Yield per Plant (Y/P), Mean Tuber Weight (MTW), and Tuber Number (TN) were stimulated by foliar treatment of plants with PGRs compared with the untreated ones, but there were significant interactions between cultivar and hormone type. Positive correlation between SC and Y/P (r= 0.97*) and MTW (r= 0.97*) were observed in Agria. Leaf area as well as dry and fresh weight of aerial parts of the BAP+ABA-treated plants were more than the untreated plants and other PGR treatments. These results indicate that either of BAP, ABA, or their combination could be effectively used to improve physiological traits and tuber yield of these cultivars, although, Agria responded more prominently to PGRs than Fontane.

---

Micro-propagated potato plantlets (cvs. Agria and Fontane) were grown in growth chambers under controlled conditions to determine the effect of different levels of CO₂ concentrations (400 vs. 800 µmol mol⁻¹) on physiological and biochemical traits and yield of minitubers, at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2015. Irrespective of the cultivar, the elevated CO₂ significantly increased Net photosynthesis (Np) and leaf Dark Respiration (R_D) compared to the control at 34 and 57 days after transplanting. Higher Np under the elevated CO₂ resulted in a higher accumulation of leaflet starch and soluble sugar content. The elevated CO₂, compared to the ambient, induced allocation of more dry matter to the underground parts, especially tubers. CO₂ Enrichment did not significantly affect the number of tubers and mean tuber weight, however, the elevated CO₂ increased yield of Agria and Fontane by 17 and 39%, respectively. The yield of Fontane was increased more than Agria when exposed to elevated CO₂, mainly due to greater mean tuber weight than tuber number. The number of large size tubers increased under elevated CO₂. The results showed that the greater mean tuber weight might affect tuber yield more than the number of tubers. Our findings suggest that rising levels of CO₂ in minituber production systems could be beneficial to improve productivity and tuber yield.

---

New generation of wind turbines, in comparison to the old versions, have been designed with colossal blades to produce larger amount of power output. However, this has led into some unpredictable challenges including their construction procedure and expenses and particularly blades’ transportation. To overcome these issues, multi-rotor wind turbines have been suggested. Aerodynamic performances of such turbines have been previously assessed by other investigators. However, the wake characteristics of these turbines have been less studied. The focus of the present research is on the assessment of these characteristics, which are crucial in the process of any wind farm design. For this purpose, wake flow of a small three-rotor wind turbine is numerically simulated using computational fluid dynamics. A numerical simulation has been conducted for a single-rotor wind turbine and three-rotor small horizontal axis wind turbine with the angle of 180^⸰ arrangement. The results of single rotor wind turbine indicated that far downstream wake extended up to 8D, with Jensen-Gaussian model can be better predicted. The comparison between three bladed wind turbine and the results of wake models for the equivalent turbine showed that because of wake interactions in the downstream of the rotor, the loss of turbulent kinetic energy and recovery of the stream speed will be faster. As a result, in the wind farms, the turbines in closer distances around 4D of the equivalent signle-rotor wind turbine can be installed.

---

The development of economic valuation techniques and their potential applications to environmental assessment have important role in environmental economics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the conservation value of the Khabr National Park in Iran and people's willingness to pay for preserving it. This park is one of the most important environmental resources of the country in terms of its flora and fauna in Iran. A contingent valuation method with a dichotomous choice questionnaire based on a logit model was applied to determine the conservation value and people's willingness to pay for preserving the park. The required data was collected through completed questionnaires. Results indicated that the influence of the variables of bid, monthly income, gender, job and education level on households’ willingness to pay are statistically significant. Therefore, an increase in income, education level, and people's expertise increases their willingness to pay, and an increase in bid decreases their willingness to pay. The Iranian households' average monthly willingness to pay for this park's conservation value was estimated at 4,328.6 Rials. The results of the study indicated that the use of the public capacities to protect the natural resources and the environment is a step in financing and participation of people for better protection of the environment.

---

Seismic waves of structural vibrations propagating through the soil and transmitting to other structures, and the effect this has on seismic performance, have recently come up due to the result of recent ground movements originating in soft soil zones like Mexico City. In regions with densely built structures, this vibration may have a significant impact on structural responses. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the seismic performance of a single structure on soil (Soil-Structure Interaction, or SSI) vs. that of a pair of similar structures with differing soil conditions (Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction, or SSSI). Recent research suggests that damage risks may increase due to the SSSI impacts. The studied structure is a three-dimensional, six-story steel building with a foundationally sound moment and braced frames lateral force resisting system. To account for the non-linear behavior shown by SSSI and SSI models, a three-dimensional steel structure is presented in OpenSEES. For simulating the soil easily under the foundations and between structures, the nonlinear Beam-on-Nonlinear-Winkler-Foundation (BNWF) model is employed. There is a meter of space between structures. Therefore impact between buildings is prohibited. The SSSI and SSI systems are examined using 11 horizontal components. Ground motion magnitudes ranges from Mw = 5.0 to Mw = 8.5, soil shear velocity varies from Vs30=185 m/s to Vs30=365 m/s, and distance from faults goes from 10 km to 50 km. The two orthogonal horizontal components of selected seismic ground motion stimulate the system. Inter-story drift ratio, roof displacement, and plastic hinge rotations of structural elements are among the reactions of importance. In the SSSI and SSI models, the Park-Ang damage index is utilized to calculate the local and global damage index. This damage indicator is divided into two categories: deformation and energy-based indices. The current study's findings show that the SSSI model increases the roof displacement response by up to 58%. When the SSI and SSSI cases are compared, it is discovered that the SSSI case increases the inter-story drift ratio by 118% in the moment frame and by 53% in the braced frame. In addition to this, it is shown that,  in general, a second structure may have a significant impact on the frequency amplitude of a system that is adjacent to it. According to the data, the amplitude of the power spectrum density in the SSSI model is more than 44.6% higher than that which is found in the SSI model. According to the findings, the damage index predicted by SSSI models is 32% greater than that predicted by SSI models. It is important to keep in mind that constructing a second building next to an existing one is often counterproductive and raises the possibility of damage occurring in both of the structures. As a result of the findings, it is clear that more study into SSSI phenomena and their influence on structural seismic risk is necessary. This is because it has been shown that adjacent buildings may significantly increase a structure's vulnerability to earthquakes.

---

Cross-acclimation of mild drought stress and cold acclimation may additionally increase the chickpea’s cold tolerance due to transferring sowing date from spring to winter in Mediterranean high lands. Two weeks after sowing in greenhouse, chickpea seedlings were subjected to the following treatments in a controlled environment: (i) Well-Watered under an optimum temperature regime (WW); (ii) Well-Watered under a Cold temperature regime (WWC); (iii) Drought Preconditioned under an optimum temperature regime (DP); and (iv) Drought Preconditioned under a Cold temperature regime (DPC). After three-week acclimation period, plants were frozen on the thermogradient freezer, then, recovered for three weeks in a greenhouse. In the acclimation period, with decreasing temperatures, a clear decrease of the electrolyte leakage (EL) were observed for both genotypes: 51% for cold tolerant MCC252 and 36% for cold sensitive MCC505. Cold acclimation induced the greatest accumulation of proline and MDA contents (about 75% for both genotypes) and drought preconditioning most consistently induced an increase in soluble carbohydrate content (25% for MCC252 and 51.7% for MCC505) during the acclimation period. The survival percentage increased 9.3% for MCC252 and 21.25% for MCC505 by both cold and drought acclimation under freezing conditions. Generally, drought preconditioning had a synergistic effect on the cold acclimation period to improve freezing tolerance (as indicated by the lowest LT50el and LT50su) and leading to an increase in the freezing tolerance for the cold sensitive genotypes (MCC505). Thus, the greatest gains in freezing tolerance for both genotypes were associated with cross-acclimation treatment (DPC).
 

---

Polyamines (PAs) are signaling molecules that exhibit promising roles in improving stress tolerance in plants. Limited information is available concerning the effects of the exogenous PAs on medicinal plants including chamomile. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of foliar application of PAs [Putrescine (Put), Spermidine (Spd), and Spermine (Spm)] on physiological and biochemical processes to understand the possible mechanisms concerning the water deficit stress [soil Field Capacity (FC) as control, 80% of FC (FC₈₀), and 60% of FC (FC₆₀)] alleviation in German Chamomile. We found that PAs partially inhibited water deficit-induced stomatal closure and induced antioxidant enzymes to eliminate the increased H₂O₂. Spd increased stomatal conductance (g_s) by 66, 65, and 35% at FC, FC₈₀, and FC₆₀, respectively, compared with the control. The increased g_s enhanced leaf net photosynthesis (A_N) by 52 and 86% at FC₈₀ and FC₆₀, respectively, compared with the control. The role of PAs in oxidative damage alleviation was approved by the negative correlation of leaf antioxidant activities and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ content. According to the results, PAs function as stress-protecting compounds to instigate the antioxidative enzymes to scavenge stress-induced H₂O₂, improve membrane stability, and enhance water deficit tolerance. Generally, our results suggested that PAs could be potential growth regulators to alleviate mild to severe water deficit stress.