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The purpose of this study was to investigate physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of stirred yoghurt fortified with fermented rice bran and lettuce extract. For lettuce extraction was performed by ultrasound method. Fermented rice bran (2,4,6 and 8%) and lettuce extract (0.5,1,2 and 3%) were added to sterile milk. Starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) were inoculated at 42 °C. After incubation, sensory evaluation was performed and then physicochemical tests including pH, acidity, synersis, and viscosity were performed on the specimens.The samples were stored (in the refrigerator) for 21 days and they were analyzed every 7 days. The results showed that samples containing fermented rice bran and lettuce extract had a lower pH (4.36 against 4.28) and acidity (92.8 against 96.4) than control samples. Also, by decreasing pH and increasing acidity, which weakened the gel structure of casein micelles, it increased synersis (2.64 against 20.26) and reduced viscosity (5510.52 against 3956.65 mPa.s) in the samples. Also, adding fermentation rice bran and lettuce extract caused changes in the chemical composition of the samples which increased the amount of dry matter and increased the amount of phenolic compounds. The results of sensory evaluation showed that adding lettuce extract to the samples resulted in a significant reduction in sensory evaluation. Yoghurt containing 6% fermented rice bran, and the sample containing 6% fermented rice bran and 2% lettuce extract had the highest sensory rating. The results revealed that yoghurt containing fermented rice bran can be considered as a functional product with good health properties.

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Antimicrobial packaging has a potential to prevent pathogenic microorganisms and also increases the shelf life of meat products. The aim of this study was to determine mechanical and physical properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) containing Trachyspermum ammi and Myrtus Communis essential oils (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1%). Then antimicrobial packaging with optimum concentration of essential oil (0.6 and 1%) was selected to evaluate the effect of packaging on microbial and physical properties of turkey meat during storage at refrigerator. The results showed that tensile strength decreased and percentage of film elongation increased significantly. Water absorption, moisture content, solubility and water vapor permeability decreased when the concentration of the essential oils increased. Film prepared using Trachyspermum ammi essential oil had high antimicrobial activity compared with Myrtus Communis essential oil. Turky meat which packed using film containing 0.6% Trachyspermum ammi essential oil was more effective against total bacterial count than 1% essential oil. In contrast, the film containin 1% essential oil showed high antimicrobial activity against coliform and E.coli. Therefore, the film containing essential oil increased the shelf life of turkey meat, and application of 0.6% Trachyspermum ammi essential oil film as an effective treatment is recommended.

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In this study, the extract components, antioxidant properties, total phenol, antimicrobial activity, alpha-glucosidase inhibition of the leaf and seed extract of Moringa Peregrina were measured. Essential oil extracted from Moringa seeds and leaves were placed in an ultrasonic bath for 40 minutes and then distilled in a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Flame detector gas chromatograph was used to identify the percentage of essential oil component in Moringa Peregrina seed and leaf. Antioxidant activity of the essential oil was determined by ABTS free radical scavenging method. Also, the total phenol content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by disk diffusion method for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Penicillium notatum. PNPG was used as a substrate to determine the inhibitory property of α-glucosidase. The results showed that the use of ultrasonic pretreatment significantly increased the extraction rate of leaf and seed extract of Moringa (p<0.05). The percentage of essential oil extracted from Moringa Peregrina leaves was higher than the essential oil extracted from Moringa Peregrina seeds (p<0.05). The main constituent in the essential oil of this plant seed is isothiocyanic acid (41.44%) and the main composition of the essential oil of Moringa Peregrina leaf, farnesyl acetone (22.72%). The essential oil of leaf and seed of Moringa Peregrina has free radical scavenging properties and phenolic compounds (0.025 mg/ml Gallic acid) that can be considered as antioxidant plant. The essential oil of Moringa Peregrina seed has anti-microbial properties against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the fungus Penicillium nutatum. The essential oil of Moringa leaf showed no antimicrobial activity. The concentration of essential oils of leaf and seed of Moringa Peregrina that IC₅₀ (alpha-glucosidase 50% inhibition) was 0.03 mg/ml. The essential oil of this plant can be used to produce functional foods.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate low-fat cream production using Persian gum and the effect of the amount of gum and storage time on physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties. Treatments included 34% fat control samples, 18% fat cream treatments containing 0.5% Persian gum (Third treatment) and 18% fat cream treatments containing 0.8% Persian gum (Optimal treatment) were prepared. The level of stabilizer addition was 0/5% (w/w). The experiments on cream samples stored at 4 °C were out at 1, 7, 10 days. The results showed that the yeast count and the total count significantly (p<0.05) increased over time in all cream samples during storage. Also, in all three samples, after 10 days, a small amount of coliform was observed. In all three samples, no mould, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus was observed after 10 days. On the other hand, storage time had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the reduction of sensory properties in all cream samples. The cream samples containing Persian gum had significantly (p <0.05) higher acidity and lower pH than the control sample during storage. There was no statistically significant difference between the dry matter values, Moisture, and the fat content of cream samples (p≥0.05) during storage. Also, the sample containing 0.8% gum had the highest viscosity and the lowest synersis. Therefore, the best treatment in this study was the sample cream containing 0.8% Persian gum.