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Although nowdays, there is no tendency to national planning like before, that does not mean that planning should be left aside, rather today’s world is calling for modern and effective approaches for national planning. The main objective of national planning, with any approach, is to fulfill peoples needs and demands. Total Quality Management (T.Q.M) by taking into account the customer’s requirements and satisfaction can amply demonstrate a new perspective on national planning. This model is customer satisfaction oriented and if the requirements are fulfilled, the satisfaction could be obtained. Comprehensiveness, equity, flexibility, integrity, internal and external consistency, rationality and effectiveness are some of the characteristics that define the Model’s goal and could be gathered from planning experts. Optimization of planning process, empowerment of plan’s employees and focusing on customer requirements are three basic principles to reach the goal. The final goal of this paper (customer satisfaction) could be materialized when all the principles accounted for sofar come to a stage of continuous empoverment.

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In a knowledge-based economiy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Researches have indicated that inverse decreasing returns of traditional resources such as land, money, machinery etc. Knowledge is realy a resource to increase business performance. From a strategic perspective, intellectual capital (IC) is used to create and enhance the organizational value, and success requires IC and the ability to manage this scarce resource controlled by a company. In addition, one of the most important organizational capabilities is social capital that can contribute to create and share knowledge in organizations and to make sustainable organizational advantage for them in comparison with their competitors. Thus, the objective of the present descriptive and analytical research was to discuss the role of intellectual capital and social capital in competitive advantage in two automobile maker companies in Iran. Statistical community of the research consisted of supervisors, general managers and top managers. The obtained results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the social capital and intellectual capital in the two studied companies. Also, their intellectual capital had direct impact on their competitive advantage. However, their social capital had indirect impact on their competitive advantage.

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Science has explored the power and influence of human emotions in human mental life and is going to explore and define the locus of excitement and emotions in human activities , moods and behaviors. In intelligence literature, studies has evolveed from rational intelligence - based on diagnosis – moving toward emotional intelligence in management literature, dating back to 1990's. It is considered as an organizational behavior of management skills. Researches have shown that the degree of the emotional intelligence of effective leaders is very high. The managers who are emotionally intelligent are effective managers who can achieve organizational goals, with maximum productivity together with the employees' satisfaction and commitment. Because the leadership style as an ongoing behavior has a determining role on the employees' commitment. The basic question is: how do the role of leadership styles (transformational- transactional) affect the process of components of management emotional intelligent on the employees' organizational commitment. In this research , a conceptual model was developed by using different experts, views with respect to the question. The results showed that two kinds of leadership styles are complementary and affect the relationship between emotional intelligence and employees' organizational commitment .The transformational leadership style affects the relations of intrapersonal , general mood and stress management components of the managers, emotional intelligence on employees' organizational commitment.The transactional leadership style affects the relations of the adaptability and interpersonal components of the managers, emotional intelligence on employees' organizational commitment. The effectiveness of transformational leadership style(R2=% 53) is more than transactional leadership style (R2= % 47). Keywords: Organizational commitment-Ional intelligence-Intrapersonal component- Adaptability component-Interpersonal component- General mood component- Stress management component- Transformational leadership-Transactional leadership. leadership style (R2= % 47).

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By the increasing rate of flexibility in management systems including compensation systems, it is necessary to study theoretically and understand the key variables on designation of flexible compensation systems. Purpose – The purpose of this article is to study the ability of agency theory in explanation of compensation problems inrollving the cultural context and occupation features in Iranian Automotivie Induslry. Design/methodology- In this article, a conceptual model was developed in which we examined the relation of independent variable (agency theory assumptions) and dependent variables (current structure of compensation contracts and agent's tendency to arrange this structure). this relation is interfered with moderate variables (cultural dimensions and kind of occupation). In order to test the hypothesis, two active firms in automotive industry (manufacturing and service companies) were selected for sampling. It is to be mentioned that agency theory assumptions have not been examined in Iranian Automantive ludustry. Results –Test of hypothesis confirmed lots of agency theory assumptions. our findings showed that some of agency theory predictions are attenuated by cultural characteristics and most of time there is a significant relation between agency theory assumptions and occupation conditions. Conclusions - using agency theory assumptions with respect to cultural dimensions and occupation dimensions and occupation conditions in drawing up of compensation contracts will improve Iranian firm’s wage and salary systems in order to reduce agency problems and the related cost.

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With regard to the increase of competitive atmosphere and companies' endeavors to capture more segments of the market, the necessity of codifying new models to apply competitive strategies, seems more momentous than before. Accordingly, with due respect to cost management, both attracting customers' satisfaction and maintaining profit margin of the manufacturers look to be highly essential. The present research was carried out to design an appropriate model for the organizational change strategy in the cost management of Iran Khodro Company's Supply Chain. The research looks into the elements influencing the cost management, i.e. behavioral and structural factors as well as competitors and technology through the community, via conducting extensive studies on the change known models and identifying the effective elements in creating change in the cost management with regard to organizational behavior approach. Hence, a conceptual Model was demonstrated in terms of the relations between the four major aspects influencing the cost management and ten variables creating such aspects as well. In relation to the behavioral aspect, the influencing elements were studied at three behavioral levels, namely individual, group and organization levels. In relation to the competitors, the effects of being a single source and the structure of companies' costs, and in relation to technology , the effects of productionand information technologies were assayed. In relation to the structure, the effects of complexity, formality and concentration on the change strategy of Cost management were observed. The questionnaires distributed were then collected from 41 A-grade manufacturers in the Parts Supply Chain of Iran Khodro Company. The results showed that among the introduced elements in the conceptual model, the effect of competitors on cost management was not affirmed. Besides, the study on the suppliers' behaviors showed that it influences the strategies of cost change management only at organization level. The effect of organizational structure on cost management was confirmed based on the complexity of the elements only. Therefore, we can come to the conclusion that elements of formality and concentration have no or have an insignificant effect on the proposed model. However, the fundamental result of the research confirmed the relation between technology and cost management within the two areas of production and information technologies.

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Measurement of Governance Capacity: Concept, ‎Modeling and Evaluation Ali Asghar Fani1, SeyedYaghoub Hosseini2, Hassan Danaeifard3,‎ Asghar Moshabaki4‎ ‎1-‎ ‎ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management & Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, ‎Tehran, Iran ‎2-‎ ‎ Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Management & Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, ‎Iran ‎3-‎ ‎ Associate Professor, Faculty of Management & Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, ‎Tehran, Iran ‎4-‎ ‎ Associate Professor, Faculty of Management & Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, ‎Tehran, Iran Received: 17 /7/2010 Accept: 18/10/2010‎ Government capacity and governance capacity are the new concepts that ‎have recently entered the literature of state management and political ‎science. The existing literature in this ground is neither comprehensive nor ‎homogeneous. This article intends to study different dimensions of capacity ‎and, based on the findings, introduce a model for examining it.‎ Governance capacity is manifested in such dimensions as the capacity of ‎a state in designing, implementing and assessing policies and super policies. ‎The innovative point in this article is the introduction of a model on ‎governance capacity, which has not been done in the previous researches. In ‎the past studies, based on the context of the related study, scholars have had ‎a micro view on the governance subject, and no comprehensive view to ‎include all dimensions of governance has been considered. This inadequacy ‎is removed by the outcomes of the present article.‎ This article consists of two parts. The first part includes the review of ‎theoretical literature about governance capacity and theoretical fundamentals ‎of the concept. The second part introduces a model, which has been ‎examined by the data collected from different countries.‎

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Research on mass customization suggests that this type of offer delivers more value to the customer. This article provides answers to the following research question: How interpersonal differentiation value of the mass-customized Product influence the overall perceived value of MC?. we explore interpersonal differentiation value in need for optimization (NFO), centrality of visual product aesthetics (CVPA), and consumer need for uniqueness (CNFU) . A conceptual model grounded in involvement theory, the functional theory of attitudes, and theories on the desirability of uniqueness is proposed and empirically tested. The goal of this research is development and the way of this research is survey- analysis. Statistical population of research is two hundred one undergraduate business students of Iranian universities. Generally, the data support significant relationships between the three dimensions of interpersonal differentiation value and the overall perceived value and buy tendency of MC .

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  ,       Today, organizations have come to seek current customers and also maintain a permanent relationship with them in addition to developing strategies to attract new customers and trading with them. In other words, they have found that losing a customer is more than losing a sell and it means losing the whole sell opportunities that a customer could make in his lifetime. Since losing a customer in the trade market is equal to lose an important part of the organization asset, developing close and deep relation with the customers creates great value for the organizations. Organizations should reinforce their relations with their customers actively and try to end their relations with non-profitable customers. In this study, “customer profitability for organization” is considered as a new concept. The purpose of this research is to design customer profitability model for organizations and consider the factors affecting on customer profitability in Iranian companies. For this purpose, after reviewing the theoretical foundations in this field, we will identify the factors affecting on customer profitability for organizations, and provide the appropriate conceptual model to measure and confirm these relations. Then we will collect data through questionnaires, analysis and ultimately ntroduce customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (repurchase intention, and recommendation) as two factors that affect on customer profitanility, using the research results.    * Corresponding Author’s E-mail: khodadad@modares.ac.ir .

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Attitude to the organizations has changed over the time. A time, the organizations have been considerd as closed systems that had no interaction to their environment. When the system perspective was introduced, attiude to the organization changed, too. At the same time, organizations have been considered as open systems that interact to their environment. While, the organizations acted in an industry and todays, considering to increasingly changes that have been arised in the business environment, the industries boundries have been disappeared greatly. According to James Moore (1993), todays, organizations act in the ecosystem that different business from diverse industries interact each other and their survival increasingly dependent on each other. These concepts were be described well in the business ecosystem approach. Business ecosystem approach has been emerged in the result of environmental changes in the recent decades. The necessary of this approach apployment is making the changes in the mindsets that look at business world with a new attitude and the basic principles demonstrate the mindset changes. This paper is an overview/analytical paper and it's purpose is explaining the basic principles based on analyzing the world business changes in the recent decades. Recognizing the basic principles is one of the success necessaries at the present time.

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One of the most important concepts for all enterprises in every size and every sector is market performance. As the market success of the firm is a consequence of its market performance, it will be pertinent to state that performance is a direct determinant on the consequence. Today, dynamic capabilities have been identified as one of the vital necessities for the performance of organizations in turbulent environments. Given the critical role of market performance in turbulent competitive environments, this concept has attracted attention of many researchers of management science in recent years. So how to achieve this important consult for organizations is vital, and very little research has been done in this regard. Therefore, in this research, the model of improving market performance based on dynamic capabilities (IT competencies, entrepreneurial and market orientation and operational agility) is presented and tested in the electronics industry of Iran. This model is based on four management areas: strategic management literature related to dynamic capabilities, marketing literature, entrepreneurship, and information technology .The results confirm the research model. It can be concluded that the dynamic capabilities of the organization will help to improve market performance.

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Abstract Although formulating a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making that strategy work and implementing it throughout the organization is even more difficult. Without execution even the most brilliant strategy is useless. Being successful requires skills and knowledge to carry out strategic decisions and plans. Research shows that human factors are important factors in the successful implementation of organizational strategies . This study surveyed the factors influencing successful strategy implementation in top Iran‘s banks. this is as a mix study that used grounded theory to get insight about experiences in implementing strategy successfully through in – depth interviews with 18 scientific - practical expert including managers, assistant directors , and academic professors . in order , gathered data to design a model of successful strategy implementation. According to guidelines of open and axial coding, in form of 22 sub- category were conceptualized and classified in 6 main category and finally the model was developed. This model also explain factors influencing the successful strategy implementation and also how these elements interact with each other. outcome of model including goal and vision achievement, organizational consensus and Organizational Agility. Key words: strategy, successful strategy implementation, behavioral perspective

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In recent years, one of the developments in the country's administrative system is the identification of offices, institutions and organizations with similar services and the elimination of parallel activities on multiple devices and transferring them to the organization, or in other words the merger of several offices and organizations in one set.Although this is done with the goal of mobility and dynamism of the new organization in providing better services or more desirable production, while during the merger stages, the integration workers and organizations are thrown into an area of uncertainty and concern. In this regard, the present study aims to clarify the integration with emphasis on public organizations.This is as a study that used grounded theory to get insight about experiences in implementing merger strategy successfully through in – depth interviews with 18 academic-professional organizations experts including custodians and experts in integrating public organizations. In order, gathered data to design a model of successful strategy implementation. According to guidelines of open and axial coding, in form of 20 sub- category were conceptualized and classified in 6 main category and finally the model was developed. This model also explains factors influencing the merger strategy implementation and also how these elements interact with each other. Outcome of model including achiving effectiveness and increasing public efficiency and organizational agility.