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In order to study the role of Pythium species associated with cantaloupe root and crown rot, samples were collected from infected fields in different areas of Khorasan Razavi province during 2009-2010. The Root pieces were washed and cultured on CMA-PARP medium. The pythium isolates were then purified by hyphal tip method and identified based on van der Plaats-Niterink mycological key. The pathogenic species were identified as Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum var. ultimum, and P. deliense. The pathogenicity of isolates on cantaloupe seedlings was tested under greenhouse conditions by using wheat grain inoculum. The results indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most prevalent species and was recovered in all the regions. P. ultimum was isolated from Neyshabour, Fariman and Mashhad whereas P. deliense was detected in Khaaf. This to our knowledge, is the first report on occurrence and distribution of Pythium species causing root and stem rot on cantaloupes in Khorasan province.

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Abstract
Research subject: Due to the drought and lack of water resources, many efforts have been made to store water properly recently. Using of multilayer polyethylene tanks is an efficient measure in order to solve this problem and it has received considerable attention. Proper manufacturing conditions will greatly improve the strength of these tanks and their applications.
Research approach: In this study, the effect of cooling process on the final properties of polyethylene tanks prepared by rotational molding method is investigated. Three different cooling methods comprised of cooling with water, cooling by air, and quiescent cooling is selected and their mechanical and thermal properties were investigated.
Main results: The results of the tensile test show that as the tank is cooled faster, the elongation at break will be higher. It is also demonstrated that the air cooling method results in the lower elongation at break. The results of the thermal properties show that higher cooling rate creates thicker crystals in the fragment which requires higher energy to overcome these thick crystals. According to the results of the thermal properties and using the softening temperature test it is found that by increasing the cooling rate, the softening temperature will be increased as well which will improve the application of the tank in high temperature conditions. Melt flow rate and density tests are also performed to confirm the results of mechanical and thermal properties, respectively. Charpy impact test is performed at ambient temperature to confirm mechanical behavior induced by crystal structure. All in all, cooling by water performs better than other methods in terms of mechanical and thermal properties.

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Pistachio is a major agricultural export commodity in Iran. Nowadays, it ranks first among Iran’s agricultural exports. This paper focuses on the comparative advantage in pistachio production and the export market in Iran. A policy analysis matrix (PAM) framework and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index are applied to 2000-2004 data to study Iranian government policy regarding pistachio production and export. In addition, the producer protection indices in the framework of the aforementioned matrix was calculated in order to study input and output protection policy. Results showed that Iran has a comparative advantage both in the production and export of this commodity, but the comparative advantage in pistachio production is diminishing. The RCA index showed that the comparative advantage of pistachio exports from Iran has progressed. Indices showed a high net social profitability and government protection of pistachio pro-ducers in terms of input subsidies. Then, the effects of the changing world price, exchange rate, cost of domestic factors, and cost of tradable inputs on the comparative advantage and protection indices showed that, for retaining comparative advantage in pistachio production, productivity and production costs must be both increased and decreased, re-spectively. In order to increase the productivity of pistachio, farmers should use scientific on-farm management and should employ modern production methods, and the govern-ment should develop research and development institutes.

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Aims: Teenagers experience hearing loss due to exposure to loud noises. This study aimed to explore the effect of educational intervention on hearing health literacy in boy students.
Materials & Methods: This research was conducted experimentally on high school boy students in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2021. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, eight schools with 40 students were randomly selected for each group. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 42 questions assessing hearing-related health literacy. The intervention group received six sessions of 50-65 minutes of virtual education. Measures were administered prior to the intervention and at a two-week follow-up. The educational content was designed based on reliable sources and according to general, specific, and behavioral goals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Findings: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in their average scores in the domains of ear and hearing-related health literacy. After the educational program, the ear and hearing-related health literacy scores of the intervention group significantly improved (p<0.05) as follows: mean comprehension and evaluation skills (from 43.8±18.6 to 81.3±10.6), communicating skills (from 49.8±8.9 to 66.3±6.9), and the ability to apply hearing health information (from 25.6±14.5 to 56.9±11.9).
Conclusion: Virtual education is effective in increasing ear and hearing-related health literacy among school students.
 

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In this article, fracture toughness of austenitic–martensitic functionally graded steels fabricated by electroslag remelting with crack arrester layers is investigated by experimental and analytical methods. The material contains austenite phase in addition to martensite layer. The Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio have been assumed to be constant, while other mechanical properties like the yield strength and the strain hardening exponent vary exponentially along the specimen width. In analytical case, unloading compliance method is modified to calculate the critical value of J-integral for cracked three point bend specimens while standard specimens with different crack lengths are tested in experiments. The effect of crack length on the fracture toughness has been studied. It is observed that, as the crack tip goes toward a martensite layer, fracture toughness of the specimen decreases considerably. The obtained results from the proposed model are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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Objective: Titration of viruses is important to determine the quantity of virus in vaccine development, master virus seed stock preparation, viral vector studies and virus replication. In this study, we compared the CCID50% and plaque assay as a standard titration method for rotavirus (RF) and HSV-1.   Methods: The MA104 and Vero cells were inoculated by RF and HSV-1 in 6- and 96-well plates. Following infection and adsorption, the optimal time for the cytopathic effect caused by the viruses was noted and the results compared. Results: The CPE (Cytopathic Effect) of RF was observed in less than 18 hours, which increased until 72 hours after inoculation. In HSV-1, the CPE was observed 24 and 72 hours after inoculation. The virus titration in the plaque assay was monitored at 96 hours post-infection for RF and at 72 hours post-infection for HSV-1. In both viruses the plaque titer method was lower than the CCID50 method, since the results indicated that 1 CCID50% was equal to 0.7 PFU. Conclusion: The plaque assay is one of the most accurate methods for viral titration. For the plaque assay, individual lesions may be isolated, which the plaques can be counted. The CCID50% method is not applicable for purification of homogenous viruses, nor is this technique reproducible.

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Objective: Group A rotaviruses (GARV) are responsible for the vast majority of severe diarrhea worldwide that kills an estimated 600,000-870,000 children annually. Since infantile gastroenteritis is a main health problem, therefore diagnosis and treatment of this disease is crucial. Gene rearrangements have been detected in vitro during serial passages of the virus at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI) in cell culture, as well as in chronically infected immunodeficient individuals. In this study, we developed an RT-PCR method to detect and diagnose the standard and gene rearranged bovine rotavirus. Methods: Rotavirus RNA was extracted from confluent monolayers of infected MA-104 cells, stained with silver nitrate, and then electrophoresed in a 10% polyacrylamide gel. The full-length gene products that encoded the NSP1, 2, and 3 genes of the standard and rearranged rotavirus were amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers. Results: We observed rearranged NSP1 and NSP3 genes that had different migration patterns seen with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NSP1, 2, and 3 gene segments from standard and rearranged rotaviruses were amplified by RT-PCR, then the complete nucleotide sequence of each gene was subjected to sequencing. The results showed the generation of gene rearrangement through serial passages of the bovine rotavirus RF strain. Conclusion: Serial passage of rotavirus in cell culture at a high MOI and chronic infection in immunodeficient target groups might alter rotavirus evolution. The methods utilized for detection and characterization of rotaviruses are continually evolving and being refined. Data collection is necessary to understand the molecular and antigenic features of the rotavirus in order to have a successful implementation of rotavirus studies and the development of a rotavirus vaccine. This study shows the importance of genetic variation and can provide valuable information about the amplification, diversity, biology, and evolution of rotaviruses.

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In this study, the relative performance of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Company as a major supplier of paper products in Iran was measured. Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models with parallel structure were used to evaluate and measure its performance. GAMS software version 23.4 was used for data analysis. Results indicated that this company in all studied years had good performances based on the parallel DEA models. Also, according to the same models with parallel structure, 2007 and 2008 had better efficiency score than the other years. Finally, results indicated that, using the cross efficiency models, the company had the best performance in 2007. This result could be due to the input-oriented nature of the models. Consequently, by proper management and optimum consumption of the resources, the company had the best performance in 2007.

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Abstract       In the company law, the vindication of the company’s rights is directorial affairs, and in the exclusive authority of directors who represent a company. In the cases, which the directors avoid of vindicating the rights of their company, due to personal interests or the interests of those who may have ascendancy over them, the prediction of suitable strategy would secure the rights of the company and its minority shareholders. In this respect, legal systems have allowed the shareholders to intervene and bring an action in the name of the company. This is called a “Derivative Action”. The contrast of this sort of action with independent legal personality and the exclusive representation of the directors of the company, necessitates this sort of action to be defined as exceptional and thus limited in the domain of enactment so that the minority shareholders do not have the power to abuse it in order to interfere with the way the directors operate, and prevent them from bringing action against the competent and capable directors. Therefore the derivative action is limited in domain and is usable only in fixed or appointed cases. In England, France and Iran, the legislature has enacted the derivative action for the cases of vindicating the company’s rights against directorial faults, whereas in the United States, it can be brought against any person.     * Corresponding author’s e-mail: tafreshi@modares.ac.ir

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Introduction
Sustainable agriculture is a multidimensional and complex system that deals with many challenges because of the modernization and economic-oriented policies. the most important sustainability challenges are Population growth and urbanization, changing consumption patterns, food health and security, unemployment, profitability, green markets and technologies, farmers' empowerment and environmental risks such as climate changes, water resources and land scarcity .Therefore, finding an efficient solution to integrating the economy and the environment play a crucial role in sustainability.
Ecological modernization based on the capacity of innovation, technological changes, green growth, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs is the key to the relationship. So, the multidimensional approach of entrepreneurship which called “Sustainable Entrepreneurship “has been emphasized as a strategic intervention. It is improved economic, environmental and social values simultaneously. Sustainable Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, creating and evaluating sustainable businesses or improving existing businesses by using the sustainable innovation solutions. It is create sustainable opportunities by providing worthwhile goods and services for the economic, social and environmental goals of sustainable development. The policies and markets failure is the turning point in emerging these opportunities, and sustainable entrepreneur is a catalyst which links financial capital, human resources, and ideas etc. In this framework, sustainable agriculture is improved with an entrepreneurial approach which called entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture (ESA). It is accessible throughout the entrepreneurship progress in the process of developing agricultural sector within the framework of the sustainable development paradigm.  ESA is achieved through the entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector within the framework of sustainable development
In Iran, for more than two decades, sustainable development and entrepreneurship have been emphasized in macro and agriculture sector policy, and in the five-year social, cultural and economic development plans (from second plan to now- Currently the sixth development plan is being implemented). Therefore, some improvements toward sustainability are expected Although, agricultural sector of Iran and also Khuzestan province as one of the most noteworthy agricultural areas and  one of the pole of agronomy, are faced with many unsustainability issues such as poverty, unemployment, uneducated and unskilled farmers, traditional practices and thoughts, lack of investments, credits and insurance, the uncontrolled exploitation of external inputs, contamination of natural resources, waste abundance etc. Therefore, in order to determine the road map of policymaking toward sustainable agriculture, evaluating  the status of entrepreneurial sustainability of agricultural sector, and the gap between this and the desired situation is very important. The main purpose of this study is evaluating sustainable agriculture development with an entrepreneurial approach in Khuzestan province.
 
Methodology
This is a survey and applied research. Document analysis and two types of questionnaire are used for data gathering. The first questionnaire related to find the proper indices to measuring ESA concept that is consist of 3 dimensions and 12 sub dimensions (elements). These include 6, 4, and 2 elements, respectively, in social (Justice and Equality; Decentralization and participation; Knowledge, culture and empowerment; Quality of Life; Research and Development(R & D); Institutional development), economic (Development of investment and infrastructure; Employment; Commerce and market; Productivity and profitability) and environmental (Conservation and restoration of natural resources; Natural resources and environment management) dimensions. It is answered by 13 experts who selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. So 63 indices including 29, 22 and 12 respectively includes social, economic and environmental dimensions are approved to make the second type of questionnaire. It is about determining the current status of ESA. It has been answered by 495 Agronomists of Khouzestan province. The sample is selected by random and Probability Proportional sampling methods from three climatically homogeneous regions of Khouzestan province included Mediterranean, arid and semi- arid. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by elites and Cronbach's alpha test. Descriptive analysis including frequency, mean and percentage, linear normalization method, ANOVA and Tukey test, Spline interpolation technic and SPSS ,Excel and GIS software used for data analyzing.
 
Results and discussion
Descriptive results show that just 10.7 percent of samples are active in producing healthy products. Just one of them (1.9%) had attempted to certify his organic products. The use of sustainable agricultural technologies is the lowest thought 10 percent. Only two respondents (0.4%) did not use pesticides and fertilizers at all.
The quality of life (normal score= 0.25), employment (0.24) and Conservation and restoration of natural resources (0.11) respectively, In the social, economic and environmental dimensions are in the best and R & D (0.00), Development of investment and infrastructure (0.08) and Natural resources and environment management (0.05) in the worst situation than other elements. In addition, the social (0.20) and economic (0.18) and also ESA (0.19) status of the semi-arid region is better than the dry (0.16) and Mediterranean (0.12) regions. There are the significant differences, at 1 percent error level, among the three dimensions and between arid and semi-arid with the Mediterranean.
The integrated approach of this study is unique in Iran. So there is no similar study for comparison. However, the results matches with the findings of kouchaki et al. (2013) regarding the low level of agricultural sustainability and the studies of Nasrollahi et al. (2011) is in line with the unbalanced development of the cities of khouzestan.
Conclusion
The status of dimensions and elements of ESA in Khouzestan province and its regions indicates the heterogeneity of the degree of ESA development. This is against the principle of justice in sustainable development. Besides, Based on Prescott Allen's sustainability barometer, Human welfare status is better than ecosystem welfare. All over the status of the entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture of khouzestan province was bad and unacceptable or unsustainable. In this regard, the spatial analysis indicated the spatial imbalance of ESA dimensions and focusing development mainly in the northern and central regions of the province
 

 
 

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One way to better appreciate the value of rangelands with the purpose of developing better policies and make sustainable use of these resources is to determine the monetary valuation of the ecosystem services of these rangelands. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the economic values of provisioning and regulating services of Rig Ishaqabad Rangeland in Kerman Province, Iran. To this end, samples of the soil and vegetation cover of the region were taken. Following conduction of various experiments, the type and texture of the soil and its content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients, the soil erosion coefficient, and the amount of carbon absorption for each vegetation type were determined. Then, the monetary values of forage production, carbon absorption, oxygen production, soil production, nutrient absorption, and erosion prevention were estimated using the Revealed Preference Approach. According to the findings, in 2019, the total economic value of the rangeland's services was USD 0.54 million; and the values of provisioning and regulating services were USD 260,102.85 and 283,841.77, respectively. In addition, the economic value of vegetation types of Artemisia sieberi-Denderostellera lessertii (Ar si-De Le), Denderostellera lessertii- Peganum harmala (De le-Pe ha), Cousinia congesta (Co co), Calligonum polygonoides- Astragalus sp (Capo- As sp), Artemisia Sieberi-Peganum harmala (Ar si-Pe ha) were USD 115,466.42, 159,045.6, 54,815.14, 85,220.66, and 129,396.78, respectively. Based on the results, the De le-Pe ha vegetation type was of the highest value with a value of 49.07 US dollars per hectare. The calculated monetary values can be a useful tool in determining the long-term rental rate of this rangeland and determine the amount of investment to preserve or restore it.

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Polyamines (PAs) are signaling molecules that exhibit promising roles in improving stress tolerance in plants. Limited information is available concerning the effects of the exogenous PAs on medicinal plants including chamomile. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of foliar application of PAs [Putrescine (Put), Spermidine (Spd), and Spermine (Spm)] on physiological and biochemical processes to understand the possible mechanisms concerning the water deficit stress [soil Field Capacity (FC) as control, 80% of FC (FC₈₀), and 60% of FC (FC₆₀)] alleviation in German Chamomile. We found that PAs partially inhibited water deficit-induced stomatal closure and induced antioxidant enzymes to eliminate the increased H₂O₂. Spd increased stomatal conductance (g_s) by 66, 65, and 35% at FC, FC₈₀, and FC₆₀, respectively, compared with the control. The increased g_s enhanced leaf net photosynthesis (A_N) by 52 and 86% at FC₈₀ and FC₆₀, respectively, compared with the control. The role of PAs in oxidative damage alleviation was approved by the negative correlation of leaf antioxidant activities and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ content. According to the results, PAs function as stress-protecting compounds to instigate the antioxidative enzymes to scavenge stress-induced H₂O₂, improve membrane stability, and enhance water deficit tolerance. Generally, our results suggested that PAs could be potential growth regulators to alleviate mild to severe water deficit stress.

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Almost all Islamic classical movements believe that the main task of women is motherhood and housekeeping. However, from the perspective of new Salafist groups, there have been transformations in women’s rights and duties. Studying the political and social role of women from the new Salafist point of views and comparing them with the views of old Salafists was because the issue was unexplored. This paper investigates differences between the perspective of the new and old Salafists regarding the role of women, through examining primary resources such as the works of old and new Salafist ideologues, as well as secondary sources susch as magazines, manifesto, tweets, and websites. Based on the critical discourse analysis, this paper concludes that both the new and old Salafist groups shared the same theological sources and references, but the old ones have a literal (and not a contextual or interpretative) reading of the holy book (the Qur’an) and the Sunna as their fundamental resource and reference. In the new Salafist discourse, women have the right to participate in all social and military activities. Therefore, the big shift created in terms of social and political participation of women through new Salafists is based on new circumstances, ambitions as well as their different understanding and interpretation of theology concerning the role and duty of women.