---

For the first time, invention of iron production technique emerged by the Hittite in Anatolia, in the mid-second millennium BC. (about 1200 BC). Hittite government collapsed and iron production technology expanded to the adjacent areas, including Iran. Soon iron was used for production of various tools, equipments, weapons, ornaments and other items. In Iran, the first iron objected, in a limited number, appeared among the remains of Iron Age I (1200-1450 BC). Iron objects are much more in the Iron Age II (1200-800BC). In the first half of the first millennium BC the widespread use of iron for making tools led to rapid technological advances and extensive changes in the social and economic structures. In this paper, the role of iron production technology in these extensive changes will be studied.     

---

In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.

After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Qur'an as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Qur'an and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Qur'an cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
However the holy Qur'an as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.

---

Aims: A strong association has been documented between diabetes mellitus (DM) and oral diseases. Since dental clinicians are mainly responsible for the oral health of the general population, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of dental students in Tehran regarding the oral health of diabetic patients.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a researcher-designed questionnaire with 3 domains and 32 questions (5 demographic, 21 knowledge, and 6 practice questions) was used for data collection. After assessing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 130 senior dental students attending Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Shahed, and Islamic Azad University dental schools were requested to fill it out. Data were analyzed by the linear regression model using SPSS version 20.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 24.6±2.47 years. The response rate was 94%. Half of the students were females (n=70, 53%). The mean knowledge and practice scores of the students were 15.29±2.32 out of 21, and 4±1.19 out of 6, respectively. The students with a higher grade point average score acquired higher knowledge and attitude scores (p=0.00). A significant inverse correlation was found between the practice and the age of students (p=0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicate the moderate level of knowledge and practice of dental students in Tehran regarding the oral health of diabetic patients. Educational interventions and revision of dental curricula may enhance the knowledge and practice of dental students in this respect.
 

---

Mannea is the most important state, which was established before Median kingdom and ruled on vast part of northwestern Iran for several centuries. Manneaen were from Hurrian race and language and probably entered the region about 1500 B.C. In their political life although they suffered many inva-sions from Assyria and Urartu, they kept their political and cultural independence and expended their power and realm in next period. In spite of this historical fact and available archaeological data, up to the present time no notable study about Mannea has been conducted and therefore basic aspects of Manneaen culture have remained unknown. The present study undertakes to accomplish this.

---

The complex behavior of the aquifer system is studied by solving a set of governing equations using either analytical or numerical methods. Numerical techniques like finite difference method (FDM) is being used to solve differential equation in some simple cases. Recently Meshless methods are developed in engineering fields. They are used for solving differential equations in both simple and complex cases. As this methods needs no meshing or re-meshing on the domain the shortages of meshing disappeared. Less studies already performed in groundwater flow modeling with meshless method. In this study Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin with moving least squares approximation function and spline weight function is used to model groundwater flow in Birjand unconfined aquifer in steady condition. The computed surface of groundwater with meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method is compared with the results observation. The results are found satisfactory. The relative mean error and root mean square error of computed groundwater surface from Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin are 0.0002 and 0.483 respectively.

---

The Ahl al-Bayt`s behavior towards their chihdren shows the importance of paying attention to religious training and providing for their needs in the family. Imam Sajjad (as), realizing the importance of religious training that begins from the first social base, the family, referred to this issue, and his Sahifa Sajjadieh and Risalah Al-Huquq are full of training propositions at the family level. This study designe to analyse their training discourse in family relationships and examine the mutual duties of parents and children and extract training concepts in their speech through language structure to be able to use effectivv training components, discovered effective speaking style in training teaching and used as a verbal model. Based on this, 84 uttarances of speech from his discourse, which conveys trainind propositions at the family level, were selected and analysed based on Searle`s theory of speech act and descriptive-analytical method, and finally obtained the type of speech acts used in Imam`s words. Findings show that directive speech act with a frequency of 57 cases had the most repetition and his discourse is devoid of commisive and declarative speech acts. This statistic shows that in addition to adhere to the principles of training, it is necessary to stimulate their emotiins or intellectual persuasion, to create the ground for influence in their. Also negative training methods have`nt place in the speech of the Imam (as) and He used collective prayer to achieve his training goals and didn`t place himself at a higher level than the listener.