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Showing 4 results for Mokhtabad Amrei


Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract

The design of mosques in the Islamic countries has brought the recent designers with two key challenges. That is, the ideas and concepts regarding the tradition of Islam on the one hand, and the postmodern ideas of the global village on the other hand attract the design to themselves. Semiotics is a discipline that reads the texts to recognize and semanticize the signs of the texts. Architectural semiotics is a sub-discipline of art semiotics and therefore has a dependent representation. Considering the theoretical concepts of architecture, and along the linguistic and semiotic theories, it is required to develop and reproduce architectural semiotics. For this purpose, we introduced the linguistic concepts and theories of the semioticians, and then provided a model for semiotic reading of architectural works as spatial texts that are formed from diverse layers. These layers, which are classified into process and system layers, form the architectural text by their interrelation. The ideas about function, economic issues, time, aesthetic concepts, socio-cultural issues, and hermeneutic concepts form the system layers, and the issues regarding training, experience, subject, employer, and architect's attitude form the process layers of an architectural work. The semiotic reading of architecture aims to reproduce the design based on the relations existing between these layers and the impression of the addressee. In this paper, a model of architectural semiotics has been developed and introduced by the study of the theories of semioticians and based on the theoretical fundamentals of architecture. This model has been employed and tested for the reading of three contemporary mosques of Tehran (mosques of Tehran University, Tarbiat Modares University, and al-Ghadir Mosque in Mirdamad Street). The reading of the contemporary mosques can be used for the study of the concepts of Islamic tradition and its relation to the today's world. The reading of these experiences teaches the today's designers how to behave with the valuable principles of Islam tradition and its reflection in the recent era. Today, there are different theories on the formation and reading of architectural products. Such theories have been derived from human science in the past three decades. For instance, the ideas of Derrida can be traced in the ideas and designs of Eisenman, the philosophy of Heidegger has been reflected in the notions of Norberg-Schulz, or the recent architects and theorists such as Alberto Perez-Gomez and Nader El-Bizri have conducted phenomenological researches in architecture. Since 1970s, linguistic studies have been employed in art studies and it was followed by the application of semiotics as a branch of linguistics in the criticism and reading of artistic texts. In 1980s and 1990s, several books and PhD theses were written based on architectural semiotics. Such publications focused mainly on the literature of semiotics and tried to create a link between these concepts and the theoretical fundamentals of architecture. They provide no specific method based on semiotic theories for architectural reading. Considering these facts, this paper aims to introduce a method for architectural reading based on the semiotic theories.In any interpersonal action or communication, we produce and reproduce text. Any social text (like architecture) contains a message or a set of messages that are transferred to the addressee through signification nodes and intertextual relations. The addressee receives the messages of the text and semanticizes the text based on the network forming the text as well as the intertextual relations and layers that are interpreted by social conventions, subjective issues and understandings, and his point of view. That is, any text provides the addressee with a signification system and network, and each component of this network refers to another component in the network. Each component of the network is a sign inviting the addressee to represent and reproduce the text, which is itself a network of signs. These signs have no meaning in isolation, and they only receive their signification function when they are inserted in a network-like context of a text. To understand, interpret, and semanticize the text, a coherent discipline is required to recognize the elements of a text, intertextual relations, and interpret the meaning of a text. This discipline is called semiotics, and it is concerned with anything that can be taken as a "sign" Semiotics is the understanding of the phenomena of the world by reading the existing signs , and it produces meaning for the social phenomena based on signification relations. In other words, semiotics is the study of signs based on all cultural manifestations such as language, music, film, fashion, architecture, and the layers beyond tangible signs, as well as connotations and the absent realms of a text. Semiotics has three main functions including the study of signs, the relation between signs, and reading of addressee. Two structuralist and poststructuralist approaches govern semiotics. The structuralist semioticians had a linguistic approach and decoded the texts by believing in a direct relation between text and its meaning. The poststructuralist semioticians recognized an indirect relation between the text and its meaning, and dealt with the pluralistic aspects, internal layers of the text, intertextual relations, and Différance.In the following, several contemporary mosques in Tehran have been studied using semiotic approach.The hermeneutic layer consists of several sub-layers and meaning streams from a sub-layer to another sub-layer in a fluid and unfixed manner. Thus, the reading of an architectural text requires to pay attention to the layers forming the design and to semanticize the design based on the collocated layers. In the construction of contemporary mosques, no attention is paid to the layers of the architectural body and the balance between these layers, and only the functional and anatomical aspects are of significance. The simultaneous attention to the layers involved in designing contemporary mosques enables us to develop mosques that have appropriate functions, reflect Islamic aesthetics, have an Islamic-Iranian approach, and meeting the needs of today's human. In such a case, there will be no need to repeat the history and merely imitate the historical elements of mosques, but rather, the broad Islamic concepts are reproduced based on today's approach.

Volume 12, Issue 2 (Summer 2022)
Abstract

Aims: Colored windows are part of the architecture of traditional Iranian buildings in the Islamic period, which act as gates for the passage of single light into space and its division into different colors. The main purpose of research is to create sensitivity in design of colored glass, to express the principle of using color in colored windows of traditional and Islamic buildings, to discover the relationship between color separation and architectural space quality in sustainable lighting system. the other goal is to achieve one of the effective characteristics in creating balance in a permanent building (Nasir Al-Molk Mosque).
Methods: The type of research is qualitative-quantitative. The extraction of materials has been done by collecting information from documentary sources and field perception of the pattern and area of Nasir Al-Molk Mosque colored glass.
Finally, through the comparative analogy of the proportion of colored glass surfaces with the theoretical basis of the results have been extracted.
Findings: In the sample, five types of general coloring and 15 types of partial coloring were analyzed. Blue, turquoise, green (cold colors) and red and yellow (warm colors) are used in colored windows with balance and one in between.
Conclusion: Extraction of the ratio of cold to warm colors close to one in accordance with the principles of Islamic philosophy showed that, the pattern of color distribution in space was not random, and in this regard, there is unity.

Volume 13, Issue 4 (September & October 2022)
Abstract

The Later Ludwig Wittgenstein believes that language games cause the formation of meaning. He considers language to have a logic that is perfected in its original grammar. But situational contradictions create conditions in which another conception of the same situation can be reached. An image that crystallizes in a new language game and can be called imagination. Thus, this notion can be transformed from a mental thing to a Lingual one. One of the contexts in which these language games can be followed by example is the field of dramatic texts. Hence, because Wittgenstein describes the nature of research in description and opposes analysis and explanation, he claims that the philosophy of language has done its job by describing language games, with the aim of how imagination is formed in language. Asghar Farhadi's About Eli has been selected for research. How does Farhadi organize his language game to achieve this goal? He seems to have used the absence element for this language game. This research, which is based on a qualitative method and on the collection of library information from the perspective of applied purpose, has reached the conclusion that absence causes the formation of contradictory and shaky language situations and helps different language procedures in dealing with Form each other.

1. Introduction
The philosophical idea of “language games” by Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein alongside with linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, has brought about major changes in theories of language studies. This philosopher developed philosophical research in an attempt not to describe than‌ to explain, but to focus on functional elements. In this regard, he replaced meaning not only with a picture that he considers mind word‌ but the function of the ‌language.
A screenplay text by Asghar Farhadi has been purposefully selected ‌for this study in this regard to address the issue in the field of philosophy of art. Farhadi is known as an international filmmaker whose art works have been warmly welcomed by local and international viewers with any form of language game he chooses. About Elly (2008) has been chosen. This film has dramatically created a situation in which language game‌ expansion is feasible. This study aims at determining the role that language game plays in developing dramatic language in such plays.
The question is how Farhadi has turned the element of imagination into language factor and expanded dramatic language in his ‌narratives.

2. Literature Review
The late Wittgenstein believes that the meaning of language forms ‌in its function. Human is involved in language‌ games in everyday language. The games‌ which we learn how to play while playing ‌and apply ‌unconsciously. These games are subject to‌ rules that are considered ‌grammar. Grammars have primary and secondary forms. The primary grammars are the context for building initial sentences in‌ language games; on the other hand, secondary grammars influence the infrastructure of‌ language which is culturally shaped. He does not believe in the mind aspect and takes this view that whatever happens in the language life of people‌ has a prominent aspect, which has to be coordinated and accompanied by‌ language games. The mentality of people is regarded as an individual grammar that is inaccessible to the public and it will not be perceivable unless it takes the language aspect in one of the language game rules.
Imagination is no exception.
Throughout the history of philosophy, imagination has a mental nature that is in line with Wittgenstein's mental subject‌; thus, it can be available until a language structure is made‌. Therefore, it must be determined how the language game of imagination makes meaning in function‌. One of the factors is "‌absence" that can integrate imagination into language games. Absence has been repeatedly discussed. It occasionally has philosophical, linguistic, and artistic logic aspects. Thus, absence has aspects ‌that can face its function‌ with different daily issues‌. Absence comprises all of these ‌functions in the context of language.

3. Methodology
Wittgenstein has benefited from the descriptive method to provide his research and this study. According to‌ Wittgenstein, a researcher has to provide schemes based on which a machine operates, like drawing an engineering map, to know how the machine works‌; this refers to how to study language and find grammar in language‌. Hence, this study has considered how the language of imagination has been applied in Farhadi’s screenplay by reviewing Wittgenstein's literature‌ and providing study‌ samples of Farhadi’s texts. This study is based on a functional goal, collecting library information, qualitative method, and descriptive nature.

4. Discussion
About Elly by Asghar Farhadi is examined‌. Language‌ games are created in this screenplay, which is listed in following table‌.

Table 1
 The situation and language games of the movie about Eli (Source: Authors)
Situation
 A
Sepideh and Elly situation: Elly has a fiancé who is going to divorce her and Sepideh has suggested her to travel with her to North in order to introduce her to Ahmad. (This situation is in ‌preface.) Language game
P
Situation
B
Sepideh situation: Sepideh has started the absence play of preface‌. All the players in the game have believed her‌ story. Language game
~P
Situation
C
Elly situation: Elly has disappeared in ‌this situation. Everyone is looking for her and to know how she is. Language game
q
Situation
D
Alireza situation (Elly’s fiancé): Elly’s fiancé has entered the game and the story of situation is‌ obvious. Language game
r
Situation
E
Collective situation: Inverting the situation of A in a new language game Language game
~r

In these situations‌, agents involved in language games create contexts ‌for playing without any absent elements in order to present ‌an aspect of their language and make another factor for aspect‌ expansion. Dramatic‌ dialogues ‌are first ‌selected and‌ then analyzed individually. It is obvious that the writer of the screenplay ‌has chosen various ‌ways to apply absence in this‌ analysis. Factors such as deletion of a character’s ‌name, and physical deletion of a character to name a few, reach‌ to deep linguistic structure, ‌which transforms the function of ‌language.

5. Conclusion
“Absence”, if not considered as language reference, could create an imaginary situation in language games. Asghar Farhadi has tested these issues by considering different situations of language games in his screenplay of “About Elly”. His function has resulted in switching from absence to name and physical deletion and different situations. Consequently, what has been considered ‌mental is turned into something objective and linguistic. The created‌ situations are widely considered logical situations‌. It is not nonsense. However, on the other hand, the logical situations are turned into another procedure of language and are somehow transformed into an imaginative situation when are in conflict with previous and next situations. We can identify other aspects of language by using the expression “imagine” depending on the agent and the situation that has been created. Absence destabilizes the unconscious situation of language. This instability continuously leads to the creation of various kinds of language games; thus, the functional aspect of language develops. This note is a direct answer to the research question and proves the‌ hypothesis in this study. This issue could result in creating drama in conscious areas due to the fact that contradictory situations cause tension and challenges between them, which Farhadi has taken advantage of in the screenplay of “About Elly”. Eventually, it can be claimed that imagination is not just a mental matter. It also can have verbal characteristics provided that we can identify and express its proper language game. This is a way of expanding language. It is important that Wittgenstein does not seek for providing a specific shape or instruction for ‌language games. They might be family-related‌ but are more focused on how to play language‌ games in method than on providing or explaining a specific instruction‌. In this study, we tried to ‌heed more attention to absence ‌as one of these possibilities.
 


Volume 20, Issue 1 (1-2013)
Abstract

The main sources of all natural light are the sun, the moon and the stars. In other words, the principle source of illumination is the light as mediated by atmosphere. According to some philosophers, spiritual or holy light includes not only material and quantified aspect, but being non-physical properties it treats as a spiritual connector between god and man. The light is the main part of existence which not only contacts to the surface of objects, but also helps them form. In other words, light is the key of finding space fundamental in making holy places meaningful. The present paper tries to make a comparative analysis of lighting in some of the most famous sacred buildings around the world. As such, the methodology preferred in this piece of research is descriptive, analytic and comparative.

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