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Ultrasound is used as a physical method to modify the functional properties of starch. In this study, the effect of ultrasound at 25, 45 and 65°C on the some rheological properties corn starch paste in the presence of Arabic gum was investigated. Results showed that the amylose leakage increased with increasing temperature; but in the presence of Arabic gum, amylose leakage decreased. Sonicated samples showed lower paste clarity. Clarity decreased with increasing temperature; but in the presence of gum arabic the clarity was increased. Clarity changes were lower in the presence of Arabic gum. The least gelling concentration (LGC) was higher in ultrasonic samples and also LGC was higher in the Arabic gum contained samples. Ultrasonication and Arabic gum reduced the maximum and final viscosity of starch paste. Sample sonicated at 45ºC was selected the best sample with minimum amylose content and showed the less changes clarity, higher LGC, minimum final viscosity. The presence of Arabic gum and the ultrasonic temperature are the important parameters that influenced the modification of starch properties.

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Although one of the most suitable methods for natural fortification of bread is using fiber sources such as rice bran, due to its negative effect on the physical, textural, nutritional and sensory properties of bread, the addition of fiber has not yet been widespread. In this study, the effect of adding hydrothermaled rice bran to bread, as the dominant feed of the community, in optimal conditions and for amounts of 3%, 6% and 9% of wheat flour, was investigated. The results showed that by a slight increasing in the percentage of added hydrothermaled rice bran, the specific volume of bread was increased and the density was decreased. The highest crumb moisture content was observed for high amounts of added bran (6% and 9%). The ratio of crust to crumb also showed a direct relationship by increasing the percentage of bran. Textural changes also indicate that the degree of firmness and gumminess of bread has been significantly increased during storage days (first to fifth day) by increasing the amount of hydrothermaled rice bran. However, the cohesiveness of bread had a significant downward trend by increasing the amount of bran and also during the storage period. Also, among the added amounts of bran, the sample containing 3% bran significantly obtained higher scores in terms of sensory characteristics comparing with the control sample and other samples. Summing up, the results of this study showed that small quantities of hydrothermaled rice bran can be used to produce more useful bread with desirable sensory properties.

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In this study, the effect of the free extract, nanoliposome, and nanoniosome containing myrtle extract and sodium benzoate as a preservative on microbial, sensory, and chemical properties of mayonnaise during 90 days at 4 °C was investigated at 15 days intervals. The results of chemical tests showed that mayonnaise samples containing nanoliposome and nanoniosome significantly (p < 0.05) reduced peroxide, thiobarbituric acid compared to the control samples. There was a significant difference between the pH of the sauce samples prepared on the first day so that the highest pH (4.2) was related to the sauce sample containing sodium benzoate. The acidity values of all samples were in the standard range (0.62 to 1.4). Microbial results showed that the counts of Escherichia coli and heterofermentative lactobacilli were negative for all treatments and following the standard. During the storage time, the microbial growth of the sauce containing the natural preservative, nanoliposome, and nanoniosome, was effective in controlling mold and yeast and acid-resistant bacteria compared to the control sample (p <0.05). The results of sensory evaluation in this study showed that mayonnaise samples were significantly different in sensory properties during storage time so that the sauce containing free extract had a lower color score. Also, the lowest brightness index (L* = 74.31 ± 1.03) was related to the sauce containing the free extract. Sauce samples containing nanoniosome and nanoliposome had the highest acceptable spreadable property. The results of this study showed that using nanoniosome and nanoliposome containing the myrtle extract can reduce the use of the chemical additive sodium benzoate and this is a step in improving the health of the consumer community.

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This study aimed to produce and investigate an emulsion film of gelatin by emulsion pickering method containing chitin nanoparticles. Different concentrations of nanochitin (0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/g dry gelatin) and two different concentrations of corn oil (20% and 30% based on dry matter weight) were used to prepare the gelatin emulsion film by the emulsion pickering method. Then the properties of the films were investigated by examining the zeta potential, thickness, moisture and solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), surface hydrophobicity, mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the gelatin emulsion containing 0.5 g/g of chitin nanoparticles was more stable than other samples. Nanochitin-stabilized emulsion films reduced moisture, solubility, and water vapor permeability compared to control films and tween-containing films, and nanochitin-containing films improved mechanical properties. In addition, the addition of nanochitin up to 0.5 g/g to the gelatin emulsion film improved the thermal properties because it led to an increase in melting temperature and enthalpy. The addition of nanochitin also increased the hydrophobic properties of the film. 30% oil concentration had a better effect on film properties than 20% oil. Therefore, the use of nanochitin as a stabilizing emulsion for pickering in gelatin films with a concentration of 30% corn oil can lead to the formation of biodegradable polymers with more acceptable properties for food packaging.

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According to increasing tendency to use low-fat or fat-free products, nowadays it is preferred to use low-fat milk for yogurt preparation. To compensate the role of fat in yoghurt viscosity, using the gums as water absorbent compounds could be useful in this regard. In this study, the effect of gum basil seeds on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-fat yogurt were evaluated. Basil seed gum in four levels (0.2, 0.15, 0.1 and 0 weight percentage) were added to low-fat yogurt and then texture profile analysis, apparent viscosity, acidity, pH and sensory evaluation on days 1, 7 and 14 was performed. According to results, acidity of the product during storage increased from 113.33 to 130.3 but pH decreased from 4.35 to 4.31. The viscosity of samples during storage climbed from 7463.3 to 8189.3 pa.s and the samples containing gum had higher viscosity than the control sample. Also the firmness and adhesiveness of yogurt containing gum rose from 89.3 g to 93.67 g in firmness and adhesiveness increased from 0/09 g.s in first day to 0.79 g.s in 14th day after production compared to control samples according to an ascending in gum percent. The syneresis fell from 7.86 g to 7.04 g. The results of evaluation showed that the gum basil seeds at level of 0.2 percent in low-fat yogurt has improved the sensory and physicochemical properties and the use of this gum at 0.2 percent in low-fat yogurt is successful.

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The use of edible coatings can help reduce the undesired effects caused by the drying process of fruits and vegetables. In this study, the influence of two different edible coatings including basil and chitosan (0, 0.5 and 1 %) on drying kinetic, color, texture and antioxidant activity of apple slices were evaluated at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ˚C) in hot air oven and vacuum drying. The results showed that the use of different coatings in both drying methods increased the drying time. Fitting of different mathematical models on the experimental data showed that the Midili model for basil coatings and the approximation of diffusion model for chitosan coatings are able to predict the moisture content more accurately than other models. With increasing coating concentration or decreasing drying temperature the lightness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and antioxidant activity enhanced. But, the redness, yellowness, brownness, total color difference and hardness diminished. Generally, basil and chitosan coating pretreatment could be considered as an effective approach to improve the quality of the dried apple fruit in drying industry.

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Cake as a popular snack among different people in the community, especially children and adolescents. This high-energy product should have a porous texture, small holes with narrow border to have an acceptable marketability. Therefore, research and investment to achieve the desired quality and increase shelf life through the use of additives such as enzymes, emulsifiers, etc. seems necessary. In this regard, in order to improve the quality of cupcakes, which have a faster preparation than other cakes, the effect of two factors, glucose oxidase (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm) and DATEM (0, 0.5 and 1%) was investigated. The results showed that the samples containing DATEM increased the moisture content, decreased the weight loss after baking and improved the volume and texture of the cake in terms of reducing firmness and increasing the cohesiveness and springiness. On the other hand, glucose oxidase addition decreased the firmness of the treatments caused by DATEM. However, the addition of glucose oxidase enzyme to the cake formulation improved the crust color parameters and sensory evaluation. So, the effect of glucose oxidase and DATEM, improved the sensory and quality characteristics of cupcake.

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Production of powdered beverage, especially based on local products and with the aim of optimal use of waste, is one of the research fields considered by the food industry. In this studt the effect of different foam mat drying condition on orange beverage powder was investigated. In order to prepare the beverage foam, egg white and basil gum solution were used according to the experimental design and were mixed with an electric mixer at the highest speed for 6 minutes. Drying was performed under different treatments of the oven with (45, 65 and 80) temperatures and microwave with (360, 600 and 900) power, with (3 and 5 mm) thicknesses. Some properties of the beverage powder including moisture content, water activity, solubility, water binding capacity, rehydrating the powder, hygroscopy, flowability, pH, color, DSC,FTIR, and sensory characteristics were investigated. Almost all properties indicate a increasing trend with increasing the drying temperature.

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In recent years, the foam mat drying has been used in food processing. Due to the fact that the stability of the foam plays an essential role in improving this process, in this study, the factors affecting the structure of the permeate-based orange beverage foam and the physical characteristics of the foam have been investigated. For this purpose, the egg white (3-5%) and basil gum solution (0.1- 0.3%) was added to the orange beverage according to the experimental design and the desired mixture was mixed with an electric mixer with the highest speed was for (4, 6, 8) minutes. Then, initial tests of beverage foam including foam density, foaming ability, foam stability, rheological test, viscosity, and foam microstructure were performed. Then, the optimal treatment was selected using the RSM and Design Expert software. The optimal treatment introduced by the sample model had a concentration of 4% egg white powder and 0.2% basil gum and the mixing .time was 6 minutes, which showed the highest quality in the experiments.