---

The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of castor seeds (two varieties, Mashhad and Isfahan) on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Listeria innocua ATCC33090 as food borne pathogens. The sensitivity of the microorganisms was evaluated using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). According to disc diffusion method the most resistance was observed by gram positive bacteria (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus) where as, the most sensitivity was observed by Escherichia coli.In disc diffusion method as a positive control Erythromycin, Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were used on Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in which deterrence diameters were 13mm, 22mm, 30mm, respectively. The experiments of MIC, MBC were performed in triplicate. According dilutions which were prepared in MIC experiment the ranges of aqueous extract of castor from Mashhad on Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus was between 40 to 160 mg/ml. This range for Escherichia coli was less than 40 mg/ml. But for aqueous extract in castor seeds from Isfahan was between 20 to 40 mg/ml on  Listeria innocua, between 40 to 80 on Staphylococcus aureus and between 20 to 80 mg/ml on Escherichia coli. Also MBC test were measured around 160 mg/ml in castor seeds of Mashhad and Isfahan. The both of aqueous extract of castor seeds from Mashhad and Isfahan had strong antibacterial activity and aqueous extract from Isfahan had more inhibitory effect than the aqueous extract of Mashhad.  

---

      In this study, the effects of full fat soy flour(FFSF) addition and drying temperature changes on sensory evaluation and textural characteristics of spaghetti was assessed(P<0.05). The addition of 2%, 5% and 8% of FFSF and different Levels of temperature, Low Temperature(LT), High Temperature(HT) and Ultra High Temperature(UHT) drying caused the significant changes in organoleptic and textural characteristics of spaghetti. In texture analysis of spaghetti, Hardness factor was increased and Adhesiveness, stickiness factors were decreased significantly when used of HT and FFSF combination at the same time. Springiness factor in HT and UHT drying has been shown an insignificant changes in spaghetti. The results of sensory evaluation shown, color, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptability was improved when used of HT for heat treatment, but Mailard Reaction (non-enzymatic browning) developed when used of UHT drying. LT drying didn’t has an efficient result and beany flavor was sensible in dried spaghetti with 5% and 8% of FFSF. The result shown that using of HT drying has a positive effect on sensory and textural characteristics of dried spaghetti.  

---

The use of hydrocolloid is a method for suspension stabilization and solid particle suspending in drinks. In this study, the effects of adding three different hydrocolloids including gellan, tragacanth and high-methoxy pectin at three levels: 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 of the binary combination on the stability, rheological properties, zeta potential and the activation energy were examined. The results showed that the addition of all hydrocolloids increased the stability and prevented the serum separationand also precipitation of protein. All the treatment prevented the serum separation significantly (p < 0.05). The least serum separation and the best sensory properties were gained by the formulations containing 0.02-0.08% (pectin-tragacanth) and 0.02-0.08% (tragacanth-gellan), respectively. Power law was the suitable mathematical model to predict the flow behavior of stabilized doogh. Zeta potential and activation energy were determined in the range of 9.10 to -16.6 mV and 9.37 to 18.34 kJ/ mol, respectively.

---

  Quality and shelf life of bread as a main diet has the great importance on health and the national economy. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water, melon water, oil, cow milk and soy milk as a glazing component of baguettes on the moisture content, specific volume, texture, crust color and overall acceptance of final product. In this study, Image J software was used for crust color measurement. Based on results, the samples have melon water, cow's milk and soy milk glaze had the highest moisture content. However, the samples containing water and water melon glaze had the highest specific volume. The results clearly showed that the samples were coating by water and melon water had the lowest firmness respectively in 2 and 72hr after baking. This indicates that melon water as a coating agent is better for preserving moisture and to retard the staling. In addition the highest amount of L* value and a* value and overall acceptance score in organoleptic evaluation were observed in the two samples coating by melon water and cow's milk. In general we can say that glazing is one of the techniques that are simple, low-cost addition to being a great role in maintaining and even improving the quantity and quality of bread. Also according to the results of this study, melon water, with its unique function as a new glaze in bakery industry is introduced.

---

Stabilizers are a group of bio-polymers which are used in ice cream formulations in order to create soft texture, uniformity, reducing growth of ice crystals and lactose during storage and may be used to increase resistance to melting. Among these factors are hydrocolloids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of substituting Salep with Salvia macrosiphon boiss seed gum (as a source of native gum) at levels of 0.1 and 0.2% on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of traditional ice cream. Physicochemical tests including resistance to melting, pH and specific gravity; and sensory evaluation including measurement of intensity of coldness, viscosity, liquefying rate and total acceptance were analyzed. Results showed that Salvia  macrosiphon boiss gum was more and less effective than Salep. The highest resistance to melting (80.5%), liquefying rate (8.25) and total acceptance (6.6) belonged to the sample containing Salvia macrosiphon boiss gum. The highest pH (6.6), gravity (1.06), intensity of coldness (8.87) and viscosity (5.3) was obtained for the sample containing Salep. According to the results Salvia macrosiphon boiss gum can be considered as a substitute for Salep.