AIm: Chronic pain is defined as pain beyond normal tissue lasting for 12 weeks or more. It contributes to disability, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, poor quality of life, and healthcare costs. Although, the treatment choice for chronic pain maybe included recommendations for rest and inactivity, exercise may have specific benefits in reducing the severity of chronic pain, as well as more general benefits associated with improved overall physical and mental health, and physical functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the relationship between exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain.
Methods and Instruments: This descriptive study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Jan to Apr 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. In this study, the relationship between doing exercise and musculoskeletal pain was investigated.
A researcher –made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. The response options to the questions were as Yes or No. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and statistically analyzed using descriptive analysis as frequency/percent and analytical analysis as chi-square test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old including students (41.9%), employees (54.7%) and professor (3.5%) were participated in the study. Furthermore, 41.4% of the participants were men and 58.6% were women. According the results, there was a significant relationship between exercise and reduction of musculoskeletal pain (p<0.0001) Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value= <.001), which was higher in men than women.
Conclusion: This study showed that the participants who did exercise they were less suffering from musculoskeletal pain.

AIM: Musculoskeletal pain, the most common cause of disability globally, is most frequently managed in primary care. People with musculoskeletal pain in different body regions may have similar demographic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between educational level and reducing musculoskeletal pain.
Method and Instruments: This cross sectional study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Apr to August 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. A researcher – made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. Data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and analyzed using descriptive/ analytical test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old were participated in the study. Of all participants, . Furthermore, 51 participants (54.8%) were male and 42 participants (45.2%) were female. Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value =<.001), which was higher in men than women. However, there was no significant relationship between musculoskeletal pain and educational level. (P = 0.401).
Conclusion: This study showed that the muscloskeletal pain were in similar severity in different level of education. However, doing further researches with larger sample size is recommended.

Aim: Back pain is a common disabling chronic problem that burdens individuals, families and societies. Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) has a significant effect on functional status and limiting work activity. This study aimed to assess the status of CLBP and disability among individuals who referred to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS).
Methods and Materials: This descriptive study was performed on individuals with CLBP who referred to the teaching hospitals of ZUMS. In this study, the demographic questionnaire and the Oswestry Lumbar Disability Questionnaire were used to collect information to assess disability and change in life activities. The questionnaire of Van Korf et al. was used to measure pain intensity with Numerical Pain Rate (NPR). Finally, the data were entered into SPSS software version 26 and statistical analysis was performed in frequency / percentage.
Findings: Totally 238 individuals including 159 (66.8) women with a mean age of (40.06±13.22) and 79 (33.2) men with a mean age of (35.56±16.12) participated in the study completed the questionnaires. According to the results, 56.3% (N=) of participants have disabilities and 34.5% (N=) have low disabilities.

Aim: Pain is a common phenomenon among emergency patients which may lead to chronic pain conditions and alteration of physiological function. However, it is widely reported that proper pain assessment and management, which is often accomplished by adequately trained nurses, reduce the suffering of patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of the nurses towards pain management.
Method and Materials: This study has been performed among 187 nurses who working in emergency wards of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Data has been gathered via the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) tool. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data through SPSS software version 16.
Findings: Totally, 187 emergency nurses including 91 female (48.7%) and 96 male (51.3%) entered into the study and completed the questionnairethe study findings showed that most of the nurses (about 57.2%) had low average knowledge and attitude towards pain management. The relationship between knowledge/attitude of nurses with number of assigned patients (p=0.028) and the gender of nurses (P=0.034) were significant.
Conclusion: The study results demonstrate that nurses have low average knowledge and attitude towards pain management which is one of the most important obstacles for efficient pain management.

Aims: Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the problems that affects many people throughout their life. It has been argued that many individuals with LBP suffered from disability. Due to the high prevalence of LBP, this study was performed to explore the relationship between LBP and disability among a referees to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS).
Method and Materials: This study was performed on eligible referees to the teaching hospitals of ZUMS. The Oswestry Lumbar Disability Questionnaire were used to to assess the disabilities during daily activities and the questionnaire of Van Korf et al. was used to measure pain intensity through Numerical Pain Rating (NPR) scale. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 26 and analyzed.
Findings: Totally 238 individuals including 159 female with mean age of (35.56± 16.12) and 79 male with mean age of (40.06± 13.22) took part in the study and completed the questionnaires. The results of this study showed there was significant relationship between pain severity and disability (p<0.05). Furthermore, the findings of the present study showed that female suffered from pain severity and disability more than male significantly (p<0.05).
Conclusion: According the findings of this study, designing proper interventions to decrease LBP in order to decrease disability consequently. However, doing more researches in future to verify the results of this study is strongly recommended.

Aim: The lifetime prevalence of Low Back Pain (LBP) in children and adolescents increases significantly between 12 and 18 years old. It is argued that spinal healthy behavior could prevent from this problem.  This study aimed to assess the effective of an training program on spinal care behaviors of female students.
Method and Materials: The present study is a clinical trial study that was performed on 104 fifth grade female students in district 22 of Tehran. Participants entered into the study after learning about the objectives and procedures of the study and were divided into two groups of intervention and control (52 students in each group). Just intervention group were trained regarding skills of backpack carrying. Data were collected at 4 time points of before, immediately, three and six months after training in both groups and analyzed using SPSS software version 24 .
Findings: This study showed that there was significant difference in terms of backpack carrying skill in intervention group compared to other group (p < 0.00). Furthermore, a positive change in back-related behavior was found for the intervention group from pre-test to post test and all follow-up assessments (p<0.001, ηp2=0.25). By contrast, participants of the control group did not experience significant improvement in this regards.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that carrying skill can be improved by skill training of students regarding how to carry backpack correctly. However, it is strongly recommended these kind of researches should be done in future to be able to design more effective studies. 

Aims: The improper posture of nurses’ spinal column during work could increase the rate of neck pain among them. Various studies have shown that musculoskeletal disorders, including neck pain, are very common in medical staff, especially among nurses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational-training program on Behavioral Changes Related to Preventing Neck Pain Strategies among Nurses Working in Lorestan Province , Iran
Method and Materials: This study was performed on 90 nurses in two experimental (N=45) and control (N=45) groups. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behaviors of the nurses regarding the neck proper posture. The program was shared through mobile phones and virtual networks, to reduce nurses’ misbehaviors by increasing their awareness and changing their attitudes. Data were collected before and three months after the intervention in both groups.
Findings: This study found that nurses obtained low scores in the areas of knowledge,attitude, and behavior before the intervention. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics and studied variables at initial of the study (p > 0.05); while after the educational-training program, the average scores of nurses in the experimental group increased in all three areas including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The present study showed that the ergonomic-based educational-training program can be effective in changing the behavior of nurses in order to prevent their neck pain. Therefore, it is recommended to use virtual educational-training programs in further researches in order to confirm its effectiveness to be able to be applied in health system.

Aim: Back pain is one of the arising musculoskeletal disorders among the children population. The purpose of this study was to compare students’ knowledge about spinal disorders preventive behaviors”
Method and Materials: This study was a school-based clinical trial among 104 fifth grade female students. The intervention group (N = 52) received six training sessions once a week and the control group (N=52) did not receive any intervention. Data was collected using the self-reported questionnaire include demographic information and back care knowledge at baseline, immediately, 3- and 6-months follow-ups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software
version 24. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, independent t-test. repeated measure analysis of variance and Friedman test were applied to evaluate the results. Significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Findings: The results demonstrated that there was a significant interaction between ‘group’ and ‘test time’ factors (p < 0.001), with higher score for the intervention group (36.4%improvement for the knowledge test score). By contrast, the control group didn’t have  significant higher mean score of knowledge from the pre-test to follow-up assessments.
Conclusion: The effectiveness of intervention on back care related knowledge was demonstrated in this study. Further evaluation is required to examine other determinants of promoting back-related behavior.

AIM: Music students are more at risk for musculoskeletal pain than their peers. Improper posture during playing is a key factor causing musculoskeletal pain in propose group. The aims of study were to assess musculoskeletal pain and postural behavior, and to obtain the related factors with the presence of musculoskeletal pain among music students. 
Method and Materials: A conservatory-based cross-sectional study was performed from October 2021 to November 2021 through convenience method. Data (demographic characteristics and pain level) were collected using a self-report questionnaire, Numeric Pain Rating (NPR) scale and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) respectively. Music students’ postures were assessed using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. Data was analyzed using SPSS, version 24.0. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the data. Correlation and chi-square tests were applied to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and study variables. The significant level was considered at <0.05. 
Findings: The results showed that 150 (56.2%) participants presented at least one symptomatic region in the last seven days. The most frequent areas of pain were the neck, shoulders, lower back and wrists/hands. Female students have reported musculoskeletal pain (P=0.047) and pain intensity (P=0.006) more than male students. Students who played more times per week (P<0.001) or had improper posture behavior (P=0.019), have reported musculoskeletal pain significantly. There was no significant relationship between history of playing, types of instruments, and age with pain. 
Conclusion: Finding showed that musculoskeletal pain was a major health problem among music students. This study highlights the need to provide strategies to prevent playing-related musculoskeletal pain among music students.

Aims: In the present study, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to assess the applicability of ensemble modeling in landslide susceptibility assessment across the Kolijan Rostaq Watershed in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Materials & Methods: Both models were used in two modeling modes: 1) A solitary use (i.e., SVM and RF) and 2) Their ensemble with a bivariate statistical model named the weights of evidence (WofE) which then generated two more models, namely SVM-WofE and RF-WofE. Further, the resulting maps of each stage were dually coupled using the weighted arithmetic mean operation and an intermodal blending of the previous stages.
Findings: Accuracy of the models was assessed via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on which the goodness-of-fit of the SVM and the SVM-WofE models were 0.817 and 0.841, respectively, while their respective prediction accuracy values were found to be 0.848 and 0.825. The goodness-of-fit of the RF and the RF-WofE models respectively was 0.9 and 0.823, while their respective prediction accuracy values were found to be 0.886 and 0.823. The goodness-of-fit and prediction power of SVM and SVM-WofE ensemble were respectively 0.859 and 0.873. The same increasing pattern was evident for the ensemble of RF and RF-WofE where their goodness-of-fit and prediction power increased, respectively, up to 0.928 and 0.873. Moreover, the goodness-of-fit and prediction power of RF-SVM ensemble were increased up to 0.932 and 0.899, respectively. The results of the averaged Kappa values throughout a 10-fold cross-validation test as an auxiliary accuracy assessment attested to the same results obtained from the ROC curves.
Conclusion: Successive intermodal ensembling approach is a simple and self-explanatory method so far as the context of many data mining techniques with a highly complex structure has been simply benefitted from the weighted averaging technique.

The high rate of extensive changes in the contemporary environment creates more difficult conditions for organizations and disrupts their performance. Therefore, the ability of organizations to maintain proper performance has become important in recent years despite the crises that have occurred. One of the important issues in this situation is how can improve the reliability of organizations or the ability to maintain their proper performance in crisis conditions. Organizational reliability has two hard and soft areas that the dimensions of its hard area have attracted the attention of researchers for several decades but the dimensions of its soft area have been less addressed. In this way, despite the scope of wide application and the recent theoretical attention focused on the dimensions of the soft area of organizational reliability, still the dimensions and components of this type of reliability have not been identified and formulated in a way that can help its implementation in organizations. Therefore, this research has tried to extract main and sub-themes and codes which were renamed the soft dimensions, components and indicators of organizational reliability by using the sequential exploratory mixed research design based on semi-structured interviews and review of published articles and using thematic analysis method (qualitative research) and in the second step, use confirmatory factor analysis to determine construct validity. The obtained result is a valid measure for measuring reliability in organizations.