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Showing 11 results for Modiri
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The relationship between words and their concepts is investigated in the "Semantics". "Statistical Semantics" is a sub-branch of "Computational Semantics" and in fact, a sub-branch of NLP. Determining the keywords and main concepts of a text requires time and specialized knowledge about the text, in the traditional ways. “Lexical Chains” is one of the newest branches of statistical semantics that presents the main concepts of the text based on the semantic relationships between words. In this research, we aim to determine the lexical chains of the sermons No. 111 and 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah, based on the theory of "Barzilay" and "Elhadad", using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results indicate that there is 78 lexical chains in the sermon No. 111, and the semantic relationship of antonymy (50%) is more used in it, and the sermon No. 221 has 87 lexical chains, which the semantic relationship of antonymy (38%), and synonymy (34%) are more used in it. In the sermon No. 111, the chain No. 53, which its words indicate leaving this world and choosing the Hereafter, and in the sermon No. 221, chains No. 31, 62, and 8, whose words, respectively, indicate silence after the ability to speak, the importance of using wisdom, fear of the Judgment Day, are the strongest chains. Also, the results show that the topic of the sermon No. 221 is "ethical, religious, scientific, intellectual", but the main concepts of the sermon No. 111 are matched by the "ethical" topic mentioned by "Dashti".
Volume 4, Issue 1 (spring 2023)
Abstract
Aims: Urban spaces in the age of technology are changing in all dimensions due to the addition of connected users, and neglecting to recognize these developments has distanced us from the current content of the urban space and deprived the city planners of the possibility of efficient planning and appropriate use of technology. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to explain the changes made in public spaces based on the dimensions of the urban space of Carmona under the influence of modern communication and information technologies.
Methods: This research is looking for the theories of public space in a historical process and by adopting an interpretative approach and benefiting from qualitative content analysis in the context of Atlas analytical software to analyze the changes of public space in the age of technology according to the six dimensions. Carmona urban space.
Findings: findings indicate that the impact of the technology paradigm was not the same in all aspects of the urban space. Among the most important ones, we can mention the transfer of social interactions from the space of place to the space of flow, the flexibility of the functional space, the formation of an independent perceptual system, and the weakening of the concept of access.
Conclusion: The results show that because of technology in urban areas, although all dimensions of urban spaces have undergone changes in some way, but the most changes have taken place in functional and social areas. Based on these changes, a redefinition of public spaces has been explained and presented in accordance with the characteristics of the technological era.Volume 4, Issue 3 (fall 2023)
Abstract
Aims: The main goal of the upcoming research is to explain the principles and spatial qualities of campuses based on the environmental preferences of female students.
Methods The nature of the research is qualitative and exploratory based on the methodology of content analysis and semi-structured in-depth interviews with a total of 40 female students of the faculties of literature and humanities and basic sciences in each of the two studied universities of Tehran and Shahid beheshti is done.
Findings: According to the narrative of female students, eight criteria of urban location, university campus structure plan, faculty architecture plan, likeability, university brand, attention to the dignity and rights of female students, the attractiveness of university activities and events, and the importance of hangout in the university are among the environmental qualities. It is effective in improving the presence of female students in university campuses.
Conclusion: Based on the environmental preferences of women, in addition to physical factors, non-physical factors are also effective in the presence of women in university campuses. In addition, the space may have a suitable physical quality, but it is gendered in a way that gives the woman the feeling of being subjugated and under control. For this purpose, the physical qualities of university campuses are necessary and not sufficient to promote the presence of girls.Volume 6, Issue 3 (Summer 2024)
Abstract
The spaces of cities have cultural, economic, political and social values. The value of these geographical spaces is determined by their land use, which is defined in urban development plans based on the required standards for each citizen at neighborhood, regional, and city levels. Since different institutions are involved in the different stages of a plan, including the determination of the per capita of each user, its proposal, preparation, approval, implementation and monitoring, different challenges arise including the non-compliance of the prepared plans with the plans that are out of date or changing the approved uses. Due to its role as the capital and the economic, political, and administrative center of Iran, the geographical space of Tehran has always faced spatial development. The rapid population growth in Tehran and its spatial development, which began in the 1960s, provided the basis for the development of relevant plans. But in practice, these plans faced many changes. The most recent comprehensive plan for Tehran was approved in 2004, and the detailed plan was prepared in 2013 based on this plan. However, the prepared detailed plans do not align with the comprehensive (higher-level) plan, and investigations indicate significant alterations to the comprehensive plan. Some parts of these transformations are caused by the internal contradictions of the plan and some parts are caused by the different attitudes of the custodian institutions in the matter of drafting the relevant plans. In this regard, this research has investigated the effect of these institutions and management structures on the changes in the use of the master plan in the form of the detailed plan of Tehran. The results of the research show that the institutions that prepare detailed and comprehensive plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of detailed and comprehensive plans (3.29). After the organizations preparing the plans, the urban planning laws and approvals of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture (3.25), the organizations reviewing the plan (3.24), the consultants preparing the plans (3.22) and the description of the services of the plans (3.19) have had the highest effect on the non-compliance of the plans.
Research Method
This research is an applied in terms of type and is analytic-descriptive in terms of method. The method of data collection based on filed findings. In this way, by studying the related literature and documents, the extent and manner of the noncompliance of the detailed plan with the third comprehensive plan, as well as the factors and institutions affecting this non-compliance are identified and extracted, and then in the survey stage, the extent and manners are measured. The effect of these institutions and factors on the noncompliance of the detailed plan with the third comprehensive plan will be addressed through a questionnaire. The sampling method used in this study was purposive and snowball sampling, with a total of 36 participants. These participants were selected from university professors, managers and experts in the Department of Urban Planning and Architecture of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, experts from Tehran Municipality, members of the Technical Committee of the Supreme Council for Urban Planning and Architecture, and a number of experienced consulting engineers responsible for preparing comprehensive and detailed plans.
Conclusions
With the increasing complexity of urban issues, rapid population growth, and the diversity of needs and demands, cities cannot be left to evolve on their own, shaped by the interactions of various factors (such as the institutions drafting the terms of reference, the bodies responsible for preparing, reviewing, approving, implementing, and overseeing the plans, public groups and organizations, laws, regulations of the Supreme Council, and the consulting engineers drafting the plans). Hence, legal institutions have been established to govern cities. The characteristics and structure of the legal institutions governing the city are different from one country to another. In our country, this is considered in the form of preparing urban plans for cities. "Urban plans" are considered to be the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on preconceived order and plan. The necessity of preparing and implementing urban plans, especially comprehensive plans, comes from the obvious need for a mechanism to balance affairs and the necessity of spatial and physical discipline of cities; However, in the direction of operationalization and more precise and concrete planning of cities, in urban planning, detailed plans, refined plans are considered as comprehensive plans and often they should be in line with the goals of the plan. Tehran city is not an exception to this rule and following the last comprehensive plan approved in 2006, the detailed plan of the areas and the integrated plan were approved in 2012, but the investigations have shown that most of the areas of the master plan, 9 to 58 percent, have been changed by the detailed plan, considering the spatial distribution of these changes at the levels of the 22 districts of Tehran, it can be admitted with certainty that the integrated system, zoning in the comprehensive plan is completely separated and formulates the goals. The results of the research show that the institutions that prepare detailed and comprehensive plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of detailed and comprehensive plans (3.29). After the organizations preparing the plans, the urban planning laws and approvals of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture (3.25), the organizations reviewing the plan (3.24), the consultants preparing the plans (3.22) and the description of the services of the plans (3.19) have had the highest effect on the non-compliance of the plans. Also, the examination of the effect of each factors and institutions indicates that the institutions that prepare the plans have the greatest influence on the non-compliance of the detailed plans with the comprehensive plans followed by the institutions that prepare the plans according to the rules.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: Land subsidence is one of the phenomena that has been abundantly observed in Iran's fertile plains in recent decades. If it is not properly managed, it will cause irreparable damages. So, regarding the frequency of subsidence phenomenon, the evaluation of the potential of the country's fertile plains is necessary. Towards this, the present study is formulated to assess the vulnerability of the Tehran-Karaj-Shahriyar Aquifer to land subsidence.
Materials & Methods: The vulnerability of Tehran-Karaj-Shahriyar Aquifer was determined using the GARDLIF method in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Seven parameters affecting ground subsidence including groundwater loss, aquifer media, recharge, discharge, land use, aquifer layer thickness, and the fault distance were used to identify areas susceptible to land subsidence. Then, they were ranked and weighted in seven separate layers. In the next step, the subsidence location and rates were obtained using the differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method. The weights of the input parameters of the GARDLIF model using the subsidence map obtained from the DInSAR method and the particle optimization algorithm (PSO) were then optimized. Accordingly, the subsidence susceptibility map was generated based on the new weights.
Findings & Conclusion: The results showed that by increasing correlation coefficient (r) from 0.55 to 0.67 and the amounts of Coefficient of Determination (R2) from 0.39 to 0.53 between the subsidence index and the obtained subsidence in the aquifer, the optimization of weights applied by the PSO algorithm is more capable for evaluating the land subsidence than the map created by GARDLIF. It was also found that the central parts of the study aquifer had the largest potential for land subsidence.
Materials & Methods: The vulnerability of Tehran-Karaj-Shahriyar Aquifer was determined using the GARDLIF method in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Seven parameters affecting ground subsidence including groundwater loss, aquifer media, recharge, discharge, land use, aquifer layer thickness, and the fault distance were used to identify areas susceptible to land subsidence. Then, they were ranked and weighted in seven separate layers. In the next step, the subsidence location and rates were obtained using the differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method. The weights of the input parameters of the GARDLIF model using the subsidence map obtained from the DInSAR method and the particle optimization algorithm (PSO) were then optimized. Accordingly, the subsidence susceptibility map was generated based on the new weights.
Findings & Conclusion: The results showed that by increasing correlation coefficient (r) from 0.55 to 0.67 and the amounts of Coefficient of Determination (R2) from 0.39 to 0.53 between the subsidence index and the obtained subsidence in the aquifer, the optimization of weights applied by the PSO algorithm is more capable for evaluating the land subsidence than the map created by GARDLIF. It was also found that the central parts of the study aquifer had the largest potential for land subsidence.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (summer 2021)
Abstract
The method of translating texts and maintaining its effectiveness has been one of the main concerns of translators and critics; Because no text can be translated without making changes to it. This becomes even more important in the translation of religious texts, and we see numerous translations of them. Undoubtedly, every translation has positive and negative features, and the quality of the translation depends on the extent to which it has these features. There are several theories in determining the quality level of translated texts, and they have often tried to achieve complete and desirable translations. These efforts lead to progress in translation. In this study, we chose the model of Ms. Carmen Garces, which is designed in four levels: semantic-lexical, morphological syntactical, discursive functional and stylistic-pragmatic, because of its applicability to literary texts, and in a descriptive-analytical and statistically method, we compared Dashti and Shahidi translations of the wisdoms of the Nahj al-Balagha to determine which translation pays more attention to the target language and has more adequacy and acceptance. The results indicate that Shahidi translation pays more attention to the target language than Dashti translation and has more positive features and less negative features in the first, third and fourth levels, but in the second level, The features of both translations are the same; Thus, Shahidi translation has more adequate and acceptable. In addition, both translations, in the fourth level, need general and fundamental overhaul.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (March & April 2022 2022)
Abstract
Authors usually choose the most appropriate style to influence the reader's mind. Style plays an important role in conveying content because people's desire to read a story depends largely on its writing style. Style is the mirror of the author and therefore, its change indicates the effect of external and internal factors on the style’s owner. Stylistics is the knowledge that describes the characteristics of a text and then the relation beween these features and the text, and one of its branches is Statistical Stylistics. This approach takes into account the quantity of lexical phenomena in the text and based on the results of this survey, rules. In other words, it uses quantity to achieve quality. This article deals with statistical stylistics in the Nahj al-Balagha's letters. Letters 23, 30 and 73 were selected as samples and their style differences were extracted using two statistical theories, Busemann’s equation and Johnson’s theory, using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The result of applying these two theories to the selected samples is that according to Busemann's equation, style of the letter30 is more literary than the other two letters, and style of letter 23 and 73 are almost similar. Also, according to Johnson's theory, the vocabulary richness in the letter 73 is more than the other letters, and letters 23 and 30 have approximately the same vocabulary richness. The results indicate the obvious effect of social conditions on how words are chosen by Imam Ali (PUH).
1. Introduction
The author's style and how he chooses the words plays the most essential role in the correct transmission of meanings to the readers. Accurate identification and analysis of each person's style will help to understand his/her content. One of the newest branches of rhetoric that deals with this issue is statistical stylistics.
Statistical stylistics uses quantity to achieve quality and with the help of it, we will be able to recognize the characteristics of texts and compare them from different aspects. In this field, there are different theories; Including: Johnson’s theory, Youl’s theory, Busemann’s equation, entropy, NLP, etc. So far, a complete and one hundred percent accurate way to identify an author's style has not been introduced, and all that has been done is an effort to improve the method of identifying and distinguishing authors' style.
This research is an attempt to identify Imam Ali’s style, using existing theories, which have not yet become science. In order to achieve this goal, we have used two theories to examine two factors of the theorists' desired factors and achieve more accurate results; So we chose Johnson's theory and Busemann’s equation.
One of the conditions for the application of these two theories is the equality of the number of words in the selected texts and also their similarity in some fields (Maslouh, 1993, pp. 89 and 105); Therefore, in this study, from among 19 general categories of letters (Dashti, 2016, p. 357), we selected the "ethical category" and selected three letters 23, 30 and 73, with 84, 88 and 82 words, as samples. Therefore, they do not differ much in terms of subject and the number of words.
2. Literature Review
Statistical stylistics is based on achieving the stylistic features of a literary work using quantity and numerical values, and to achieve this goal, it counts the lexical elements of the literary work or the length of words and sentences, Or focuses on the relationship between adjectives, nouns, and verbs (Blith, 1989, p. 37). The use of statistical methods in style analysis has proven to be a reliable method (Biber, 1995). In this research, the output of these methods is used as quantity to achieve quality.
3. Methodoloy
- Busemann’s equation
In this study, we counted the number of verbs and adjectives in each letter and, after calculating the ratio, drew graphs related to it.
- Johnson’s Theory
After obtaining the output of both theories, we discuss the cause of their differences and the effect of social conditions on this difference.
4. Conclusion
This research led to the following results:
- According to Busemann's theory, the highest (VAR) relates to the letter 30 and the lowest to the letter 23; Therefore, the style of letter 30 is more literary than the other two letters, and the style of letters 23 and 73 is similar, but the style of all three letters is literary.
- According to Johnson's theory, in the letter 23 has used the most repetitive words and in the letter 73 has used the least repetitive words; Therefore, the highest vocabulary richness is related to the letter 73 and the lowest is related to the letter 23.
- Differences in the type of verbs used in letters indicate the effect of circumstances on how words are chosen. For example when Imam (PUH) intends to change the behavior of the reader, he has used maximum number of verbs, which indicates the overcoming of emotions.
- Imam (PUH) is tired of correspondence with Muawiyah in letter 73 and avoids repeated conversations. Therefore, this letter has the highest vocabulary richness, but in letter 23, Imam (PUH) intended to clarify his will for the public, so he used more repetitive words to understand the subject well; Therefore, the vocabulary richness of this letter has decreased. On the other hand, the reader of letter 30, unlike the letter 23, is a special person; Therefore, its style is more serious and has more vocabulary richness.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (January & February 2024)
Abstract
Advances in science and technology have made it no longer acceptable to have works with a dubious author. Stylometry is a method that uses statistical analysis to determine the author of a literary work. Author attribution methods rely heavily on writing style; assuming that each person has unique style. Author identification is used in areas such as plagiarism, criminology, and unspecified author identification. Due to the fact that many factors are involved in identifying the author of texts, a method with 100% accuracy has not been presented so far, and researchers are still trying to find a way to minimize computational errors. One of the methods that is claimed to have good accuracy is Yule’s theory. In this article, Yule's theory and four other theories have been combined to compare the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. Then, Using descriptive-analytical method and explanation of statistical datas, the correctness of the attribution of Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) has been investigated. The results show the high accuracy of the calculations and the independence of the output of the theories to the length of the text. Also, due to the slight difference between the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, its attribution to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) is confirmed.
1. Introduction
The issue of attributing a text to someone who did not really write it, has always been the focus of researchers. With the advancement of science in the twentieth century, the need to prove the accuracy of attributing a text to a particular author has intensified, and with the advancement of information technology, the popularity of intelligent methods of author recognition has increased. Today, to identify the author of a text, various methods are used, one of the most important methods is study the writing style.
The study of writing style is a subset of the new rhetoric. The new rhetoric aims at adding formal logic a field of reasoning, and applies whenever action is linked to rationality (Perelman, 1971). In stylistics, using text reasoning and analysis, characteristics are considered for the author's style.
A variety of methods for attribution have been proposed. There are three main approaches: lexical methods, syntactic or grammatic methods, and language-model methods, including methods based on compression (Zhao & Zobel, 2005). In this article, the lexical method will be used. One of the most practical lexical methods to achieve the author's style is the "vocabulary richness" method. Unfortunately, the output of many methods depends on the length of the text. Therefore, a method should be used that has the least dependence on the length of the text. In this paper, we have combined five theories to calculate vocabulary richness to achieve the most accurate results.
Research Question(s)
1. How accurate and reliable are the results of the five equations used in this research?
2. How much does the output of the theories depend on the length of the text?
3. What is the difference between the vocabulary richness of Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya?
2. Literature Review
Authorship attribution (AA) is the process of attempting to identify the likely authorship of a given document, given a collection of documents whose authorship is known (Bozkurt et al., 2007). The accepted assumption behind AA is that every author writes in a distinct way; some writing characteristics cannot be manipulated by the writer’s will, and therefore can be identified by an automated process (Howedi & Mohd, 2014).
One of the fundamental sub-problems of AA is the extraction of the most suitable features to represent the writing style of each author. This problem is known as “stylometry” (Howedi et al., 2020, p. 1334). stylometry is defined as those techniques that allow measure the style of an author by the identification of its features of style (stylemas). Those stylemas, also called style markers, are obtained from textual measurements normally calculated by statistical methods (Escobedo et al., 2013, Stamatatos, 2009).
Some researchers have used a combination of some lexical richness functions to achieve better results, namely: K proposed by Yule (1944), R proposed by Honore (1979), W proposed by Brunet (1978), S proposed by Sichel (1975), and D proposed by Simpson (1949) which are defined as follows (Stamatatos et al., 2000):
where:
Vi : is the number of words used exactly i times
N: Total number of words
V: Number of non-repetitive words
α: usually is fixed at 0.17
The final output for calculating vocabulary richness is obtained by combining these five equations.
Since the series of narrators and the document of Munajat Khams 'Ashar is not mentioned completely in the available sources, attributing it to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) needs to be proved, so in this research, using stylometry techniques, it is examined.
3. Methodology
In the present article, the correctness of attributing Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) is examined by sampling the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya and comparing his vocabulary richness with the Munajat Khams 'Ashar. Since, according to the claim, the output of the theories is not dependent on the length of the text, two statistical populations are selected: the first consists of prays which 80 words have been selected, and the second consists of prayers With different number of words; Therefore, in addition to comparing the vocabulary richness of the samples, the dependence of the equations on the length of the text will also be examined. Also, From Munajat Khams 'Ashar, we chose the first, fifth, tenth and fifteenth prays as samples.
4. Results
The results show that:
1. The accuracy of the calculations is very high and therefore the output of the theories is reliable.
2. The output of the theories was not dependent on the length of the text and did not increase in proportion to the increase in the number of words.
3. There is not much difference between the vocabulary richness of Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya in both statistical populations; Therefore, the correctness of attributing the Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) - from the perspective of stylometry techniques - is proved.
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of government intervention in the banking sector (financial repression) on banks’ financial stability is investigated during 2001-2013. To measure the index of government intervention in the banking sector, three variables including real interest rate, credits directed by banks and government debt to banks are combined using principal component analysis. Furthermore, the z-score index is applied to measure the financial stability in the banks. Data are extracted from balance sheets and income statements of the banks. Results from a panel of 14 banks show that the intervention of government in the banking sector is of significantly negative effect on financial stability of these banks and therefore increases their financial vulnerability. Moreover, an increase in size of bank improves the financial stability, but higher debt-to-asset ratio increases the banks’ financial vulnerability.
Volume 24, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)
Abstract
Introduction
Damavand city in the east of Tehran province, due to its special features, experiences changes in various aspects. One of thesethe most common of these changes is in the usage and the coverage of urban land. If these changes occur, regardless of their consequences, they will deplete the earth's resources. Therefore, being aware of the views of elite people in discussing the factors affecting land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand city is one of the important issues in planning and policymaking. In this paper, the applicability of Q-methodology is investigated to understand the causes of land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand. Q-methodology is a research method that is used to rank the factors using a Likert-like scale and check the correlation between the responses of different individuals. In this study, we intend to examine the features and stages of the Q-methodology to identify the factors influencing land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand City from the perspective of different informed individuals and groups. We also seek to answer this question: How can we move forward in presenting a strategic zoning model to optimize the usage of Damavand city space within the framework of extracted factors via Q-methodology?
Methodology
In this research, the discourse space includes a valid thesis and all scientific research articles (with topics of land-use change discovery). To avoid bias, the unstructured Q-sample was used. Depending on the dimensions of the Q-factors or expressions, a spectral scaled diagram was designed. The participants were selected from the researchers who were informed about the subject. The KMO index (0.783 in the case) was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Q-method. The identified factors were interpreted based on the rotated factor matrix and the highest factor scores were calculated by the comparative analysis method. To identify participants' mental patterns, exploratory factor analysis was performed using a correlation matrix. The principal components method, which is the most common factor extraction method in Q-factor analysis, was applied.
Results and discussion
According to the method used and the steps mentioned above, four factors were extracted with a 75.074% variance. To examine these factors carefully, ranking the factor arrays of the determinants of the land-use and land-cover changes were performed. Extracted factors include: A. Urbanization attractions and weaknesses of agricultural economy foundations in the area: People in this group believe that the low prices of agricultural products and the added value of changing land-use are two important measures in land-use and land-cover changes in the region. B. Management and planning factor: Members of the group believe that cross-sectoral urban policies, as well as lack of comprehensive management of natural resources, are among the most fundamental aspects of land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand. C. Physical-Environmental factor: People in this group believe that the physical-environmental factor is the main factor in the changes. In this regard, factors such as the physical and geographical potentials of the region and communication network system are the most important factors of the changes from the perspective of this group. D. Urban infrastructure availability factor: People in the group believe that the availability of urban infrastructure is the most important factor of the changes in land-use and land-cover.
Conclusion
The result of the discoveries indicates the need for effective planning to prevent damage to the urban environment. After analyzing the trend of land-use changes and the affecting factors in Damavand city, suggestions can be made to control the current trends. The results of the Q-methodology, the main factors, and comments on the proposed changes were used as a framework for presenting a strategic activity zoning model. Also, the proposed model was developed based on the standard land-use classification system with an emphasis on the activity dimension.
Damavand city in the east of Tehran province, due to its special features, experiences changes in various aspects. One of these
Methodology
In this research, the discourse space includes a valid thesis and all scientific research articles (with topics of land-use change discovery). To avoid bias, the unstructured Q-sample was used. Depending on the dimensions of the Q-factors or expressions, a spectral scaled diagram was designed. The participants were selected from the researchers who were informed about the subject. The KMO index (0.783 in the case) was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Q-method. The identified factors were interpreted based on the rotated factor matrix and the highest factor scores were calculated by the comparative analysis method. To identify participants' mental patterns, exploratory factor analysis was performed using a correlation matrix. The principal components method, which is the most common factor extraction method in Q-factor analysis, was applied.
Results and discussion
According to the method used and the steps mentioned above, four factors were extracted with a 75.074% variance. To examine these factors carefully, ranking the factor arrays of the determinants of the land-use and land-cover changes were performed. Extracted factors include: A. Urbanization attractions and weaknesses of agricultural economy foundations in the area: People in this group believe that the low prices of agricultural products and the added value of changing land-use are two important measures in land-use and land-cover changes in the region. B. Management and planning factor: Members of the group believe that cross-sectoral urban policies, as well as lack of comprehensive management of natural resources, are among the most fundamental aspects of land-use and land-cover changes in Damavand. C. Physical-Environmental factor: People in this group believe that the physical-environmental factor is the main factor in the changes. In this regard, factors such as the physical and geographical potentials of the region and communication network system are the most important factors of the changes from the perspective of this group. D. Urban infrastructure availability factor: People in the group believe that the availability of urban infrastructure is the most important factor of the changes in land-use and land-cover.
Conclusion
The result of the discoveries indicates the need for effective planning to prevent damage to the urban environment. After analyzing the trend of land-use changes and the affecting factors in Damavand city, suggestions can be made to control the current trends. The results of the Q-methodology, the main factors, and comments on the proposed changes were used as a framework for presenting a strategic activity zoning model. Also, the proposed model was developed based on the standard land-use classification system with an emphasis on the activity dimension.
Volume 29, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
One of the most important ways to understand people's thoughts is to study their written works. Each author draws a method consistent with his or her desired goals in order to affect the minds of readers. The style plays an important role in content transfer and access to the purpose of writing, because the readers’ inclination to read texts depends a lot on the proper structure of sentences. The most important modern trends are Stylistic that has multiple approaches, including Statistical Stylistics, a trend that uses quantity to achieve quality. This research deals with the study of Statistical Stylistics in Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah. Ten prayers based on their words and subjects were selected and then compared their vocabulary richness, according to the two theories propounded by Yule and his colleagues, and Johnson, through descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches. We concluded that the highest vocabulary richness of Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah is for the prayer 19 (Johnson's theory), and prayers 19 and 29 (by theory of Yule et al.), and the lowest is for the prayer 38 (Johnson’s theory), and the prayers 38 and 54 (by theory of Yule et al.). Thus, according to the two theories, the highest vocabulary richness is related to the moral category and the lowest is related to the historical category, but the differences between them was not much, and the reason of this differences have been the impact of social conditions.
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