Volume 9, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Aims: This study aims to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial activity, mineral and vitamin compositions, proximate composition, and organoleptic properties of a syrup derived from Vitex doniana fruits.
Materials and Methods: V. doniana fruits were mashed, mixed with water, strained, and boiled to thicken the filtrate. The syrup’s antibacterial activity was tested on 7 clinical and 6 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) isolates using well-in-agar diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. The fruit juice underwent mineral analysis using atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Proximate composition, vitamin, and organoleptic properties of a syrup were evaluated.
Findings: Clinical Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to the syrup, with inhibition zone of 25 mm each while S. aureus ATCC 25923had the highest susceptibility with a 33 mm inhibition zone. The syrup showed varying minimum inhibitory concentrations (12.5-50 mg/ml) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (25-150 mg/ml) against tested bacteria. The syrup contained 18.4±0.36 mg calcium, 36.92±0.14 mg magnesium, 3.21±0.30 mg iron, 4.80±0.24 mg sodium, and 43.56±1.05 mg potassium as mineral composition per 100 g. Although the prepared syrup had higher calcium, magnesium and iron values prepared to the commercial sample, there was no significant difference between the two. Proximate composition analysis revealed moisture content was measured at 20.83±1.08% moisture content, pH=4.76, 0.20±0.01% crude fiber, 2.40±0.35% crude protein, 3.18±1.12% ash, 0.62±0.24% crude fat, and 76.70±0.16% carbohydrate levels in the syrup. Significant difference was only found in ash and carbohydrate values, with the prepared sample showing higher levels. The syrup exhibited higher vitamin content, including vitamin C, B1, B2, B6 and A, compared to the commercial sample. In terms of organoleptic properties, the prepared syrup scored slightly better in taste, flavor, and overall acceptability (0.18%) compared to the commercial product.
Conclusions: Based on these finding, the syrup derived from V doniana shows potential as a nutrient food product with antimicrobial properties. It could be used in healthcare, industrial applications (such as preservatives or sweeteners), and as a base for pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the syrup may find applications in the confectionery, bakery industries, and traditional medicine.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (Summer 2023)
Abstract
Background: Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is usually known as the principal agent of hospital-acquired infections, particularly those related to urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of tThis study aimedwas to determine ESBL (extended-spectrum B-lactamase) production and quinolone resistance (qnr) genes in cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF-1)- producing E. coli isolatesd from UTIs in Iraq.
Materials & Methods: A total of 996 E. coli isolates were obtained from UTIs infections in two general hospitals in Hillah, Babylon, Iraq (during 2014-2022), and 100 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) were cnf-1 gene carriers. ESBL production was evaluated using the double-disk synergy -test. The qnr genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Findings: Nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol resistance wasincluded 70% and 30%, respectively. ESBL production was observed among 46% of cnf-1 -carriers isolates. The qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes were detected in 18%, 21%, and 11% of the isolates, respectively. ESBL-producing isolates mainly carried the qnrB gene and showedhad the highest resistance levels to quinolones. Major risk factors of pathogenic E. coli isolation included older age (68%, p= 0.031), previous hospitalization (76%, p= 0.021), and urinary catheter (83%, p= 0.018).
Conclusion: Although the prevalenceexistence of the cnf-1 gene was not high among UPEC isolates, its prevalencerate was high among quinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing isolates. The cContinuous investigation of virulence and resistance genes is essential tfor monitoring and controlling the infections and facilitate their control. ItMore investigation is necessary to determine the virulence traits factors and resistance genes among UPEC in Iraq and to take in timely measures action to hinder the spread of resistance genes from spreading to other nosocomial isolates.
