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Dictionaries are regarded as the basic criteria in language teaching and research; therefore, they are expected to be free from analytic fallacies. However, it seems that there are some inconsistencies in the definition of the morphological units in Persian dictionaries. In this article, echo reduplications (or Etbâ’) are studied in the text of LoghatNâme by Dehkhodâ. To this end, after defining the process of echo reduplications, all the entries which have been labeled to belong to this category, were extracted and analyzed according to the linguistic definitions available for echo reduplication. The analysis revealed that many of the entries with an echo reduplication label have not been treated correctly, and this error takes its roots from either referring to the echo contractions in other languages, or sticking to the traditional definitions of this issue.      

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This study attempts to evaluate one of the language use differences among women and men according to the Dominance Theory. The main purpose of the study is thus to investigate speech interruption as the participatory dominance factor based on the Dominance Theory in the Persian community and three affecting factors on interruption (direct statements, subject deviation and verbs and adverbs of uncertainty). Speech interruption and three affecting factors on interruption have been evaluated in the single and cross-sex societies. The data required were obtained from 40 two-stage interviews (10 men and 10 women students in the age range of 18-24 years). The men and women of this study in single and cross-sex societies, based on speech interruption factor, showed different linguistic behaviors and the linguistic representation of gender-based attitude in the Persian community was tangible. The relationship of each affecting factor on interruption with interruption was determined. The findings suggest that the framework provided by Dominance Theory in Persian community is inefficient.        

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One of the important issues in the study of grammar is the study of the structure and the functions of different sentences of a language, as well as describing the similarities and differences between them. This article aims to study the exclamative sentences of Persian according to a corpus and within a typological framework based on the study done by Zanuttini and Portner (2003). The article seeks answers to these questions: “What is the structure of exclamative sentences in Persian”?, “What are the semantic and pragmatic functions of such sentences”? “How these sentences can be differentiated from declarative and interrogative sentences”? and “What is the position of the negative markers in such sentences”? The results of this descriptive-analytic study showed that Persian Language has two types of exclamative sentences; declarative exclamatives and wh-exclamatives, which are different in terms of their semantic, pragmatic, syntactic and acoustic features.  

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Commonly, facing the works of art within a historical theme, we either expect the work to match exactly with history, or expect to see some kind of artist's point of view from that historical period. The former cannot be recreated or represented in the world of art. The latter, however, does not have the same application. Therefore, with sufficient knowledge of the author and the discourse conditions and power relations during his life period, his perspective on history in a historical work can be analyzed better. In this article, through a comparative and historical method, two plays Death of Yazdgerd written by Bahram Beyzai and Romulus the Great written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt were examined from the perspective of new historicism to show how two playwrights were affected by history in two different places and times, and consequently influenced the history of their time. This comparative research shows that choosing a specific period of history to write a play was purposeful. Also, writing about a historical period is affected by the period of the playwright's life and culture, and the reason for the difference in the power relations and the ending of the texts lies within the same context.
 
 

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Gorani is one of the Northwestern Iranian languages spoken in Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran, as well as a part of Iraqi Kurdistan. This language is highly endangered due to the heavy influence of its neighboring commonly spoken languages such as Persian, Arabic, and Kurdish. Gorani has maintained some very interesting grammatical features of the Middle Iranian languages, including gender, to which scholars like Mackenzie (1966) and Sajjadi (2014) have briefly made references. With respect to the notably effective role of gender in Gorani morphology and syntax, this essay sets out to address its uses and different forms by the field data of Hawrāmī Lahun and Hawrāmān Takht dialects. Considering the Corbett’s framework of gender (1991), methods for identifying the gender of loanwords and compound words are suggested. The results indicate significant differences in the grammatical gender of borrowed words from other languages, in the use of masculine and feminine case markers, and in the use of personal endings. Moreover, the findings show how the gender of nouns can influence some modifiers, such as the nominal dependent, in the above mentioned dialects

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The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of evidentiality hierarchy arranged from direct(witnessed) to indirect (reported, inferred, argued, etc). This study investigates processing of sentences containing evidentials by the cross-modal lexical decision method run by DMDX software. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. The independent variable is evidential type and the dependent one is the subjects' reaction times to the visual stimuli. Subjects were 30 university students aging 20 to 22 classified into two groups of male and female. As for the results, they show that in Persian along evidentiality hierarchy, sentences containing direct witnessed evidentials are processed later and longer than the second- hand inferred evidential, besides the fact that there is a significant difference between sensory and non-sensory/ second hand evidentials. The explanation is that processing a direct evidential needs much more cortical activation areas like memory and attention leading to much more cognitive load than inference which is limited just to frontal lobe. Findings approve the psychological reality of this theoretical hierarchy in Persian classifying them into direct/sensory and indirect/non-sensory evidentials. The aim is to examine the psychological reality of evidentiality hierarchy experimentally.
 
1. Introduction
Different linguists have proposed different definitions for examining the psychological reality of various theoretical linguistic issues. This study investigates processing of sentences containing different types of evidentials of Persian by the cross-modal lexical decision method.  This psycholinguistic method has been used classically by Shapiro (1990) to estimate the cognitive load across the mind. The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of evidential complexity hierarchy. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. Also the classification of Omidvari and Golfam. (2017) on evidentials has been applied here. They divided  Persian evidentials in to two broad categories of direct and indirect analyzed in detail.
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2. Literature Review
The method used in this research is the cross modal lexical decision method, which will be detailed due to its importance.  Theoretical framework applied here is that of Shapiro (1990) in psycholinguistics. Independent variable is the type of Persian evidentials used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjectsˈ reaction times. 30 students of universities aged 18-30 participated in this study. The results of two experiments show that the psychological reality of the complexity of representation of Persian evidentials according to Persian data is confirmed and there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of Persian evidentials .
 
 
 
3. Methodology
It was found out that Persian has two types of evidentials: direct and indirect. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. The independent variable is evidential type and the dependent one is the subjects' reaction times to the visual stimuli. Subjects were 30 university students aging 20 to 22 classified into two groups of male and female.

4. Conclusion
As for the results, they show that in Persian along evidentiality hierarchy, sentences containing direct witnessed evidentials are processed later and longer than the second- hand inferred evidential, besides the fact that there is a significant difference between sensory and non-sensory/ second hand evidentials.
The explanation suitable for the found results is that processing a direct evidential needs much more cortical activation areas like memory and attention leading to much more cognitive load than inference which is limited just to frontal lobe. Findings approve the psychological reality of this theoretical hierarchy in Persian classifying them into direct/sensory and indirect/non-sensory evidentials. As the aim was to examine the psychological reality of evidentiality hierarchy experimentallythe results showed the psychological reality.
 

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Mir-e Nowruzi is one of the ancient carnival performances of Iran, which has either disappeared, or rarely occurs today. Unfortunately, not enough literature has been written in order to preserve the importance of this ancient drama as it deserves. In Iranian historiography, there are few and limited documents that reliably report how Mir-e Nowruzi performance was held. On the other hand, after studying the sources and researches in line with the topic of the research, the authors found out that none of the previous researches have been done on the subject of “performative” aspects of Mir-e Nowruzi festival. Despite all the valuable efforts of writers and researchers of Iranian dramas, including Bahram Baizaei, Sadegh Ashourpour, Farideh Shirzhian, Dawood Fathali Beigi and others, unfortunately, this type of drama has not been sufficiently addressed in Iran, and with the passage of time, the danger of Iranian shows being forgotten and faded is felt more than ever. This will lead to the separation of the contemporary Iranians with their rich and authentic culture. Therefore, research in this field seems to be vital for researchers in the field of culture and art of Iran. Throughout the history of Iran, many poets, including Hafez, have written verses about Mir-e Nowruzi's play, but none of these poems and references have dealt with describing the event and its details, and it seems that these references are only symbolic exploitations of the poets.