---

Despite the growing attention given to language teacher immunity in the recent years, scant research has focused on how supervisory classroom observation affects teacher immunity through the framework of complexity theory. To address this gap, the current study intended to shed more light on the process of supervisory classroom observation and how it contributes to second language teacher immunity, either productively or maladaptively. To this end, 10 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers were recruited and the data were collected through narrative frames and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the observer’s presence and the entire observation process instigated excessive stress among the teachers and affected the teachers’ self-efficacy, creativity, and motivation; while the post-observation conferences between the teachers and the observers had a positive influence on the immunity development of the teachers. Implications for the stakeholders including the policy makers, institute managers and the observers are provided in the conclusion section of the study.
 

---

Using of hydrological models for realization hydrological processes in watersheds has been highly developed in recent years   and a lot of research has been reported on this topic. The HSPF Model, Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran, is a U.S. EPA program for simulation of watershed hydrology and water quality for both conventional and toxic organic pollutants. The HSPF model uses information such as the time history of rainfall, temperature and solar radiation; land surface characteristics such as land use patterns; and land management practices to simulate the processes that occur in a watershed. The result of the simulation by this model is a time history of the quantity and quality of runoff from an urban or agricultural watershed. Flow rate, sediment load, and nutrient and pesticide concentrations are predicted. HSPF includes an internal database management system to process the large amounts of simulation input and output. The HSPF model is a lumped parameter, deterministic and physically based model. The purpose of this research is assessment of the HSPF model performance for simulating runoff and sediment yield in Abaru watershed in Hamedan province (in Iran). The watershed area is 4142 ha and its elevation ranges from 1957 to 3580 m above the mean sea level. The study area lies between 48○ 28’ and 48○ 42’ E longitude and 34○ 34’ and 34○ 45’ N latitude. The average annual precipitation of this study area is about 313 mm.  The most part of the study area has been covered by the soils classified in the C and D hydrologic soil groups. The nearest measuring stations to this study area are Ekbatan Dam evaporation monitoring station and Hamedan airport synoptic station, respectively.  The HSPF model was calibrated using field-measured runoff and sediment data at Abaru hydrometric station, located at the outlet of the study area, for the calibration (1996–1997) and the validation (1998-1999) periods.  To test the goodness-of-fit of the model to the measured quantities data (runoff and sediment), the correlation coefficient, Mean Error (ME) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)  were used.  The model simulated daily runoff well as corroborated by correlation coefficients of 0.89 and o.87, low mean errors of 0.06 and 0.01 m3/s, and low root mean square errors of 0.19 and 0.08 m3/s, respectively for calibration and validation periods. Unlike runoff simulation, the performance of the model for simulating daily sediment yield was not so good with correlation coefficients of 0.85 and o.67, mean errors of 53.89 and 10.46 ton/month, and root mean square errors of 235.54 and 67.46 ton/month, respectively for calibration and validation periods. The result of this research indicated that the HSPF model could be successfully used for runoff simulation in the study area with limited field measured data.
 

---

Soil erosion, as a complicated natural phenomenon, is a global challenge threatening soil and water resources. Therefore, accurate understanding of soil erosion and sediment transport processes and their interactions is necessary for prediction of soil erosion.To distinguish between the dominant processes involved in soil loss, soil erosion has been classified into rill and interrill erosion. Rainfall-induced detachment and transport of sediment have a fundamental contribution to interrill and sheet erosion. Instead of the observation of natural rain showers, simulation of rainfall is widely used for better understanding of processes involved in soil erosion and their interactions. Rainfall intensity is variable during a natural rain showers, such that peak rainfall intensity in an event can exceed the mean event intensity by an order of magnitude. Variations of rainfall intensity during a rainfall event is called ‘event profile’. However, the available information is inadequate to understand its effects on runoff and soil loss processes. Thus, this study was aimed to quantify the effect of event profile on runoff and soil loss in rainfall-induced erosion. The experiments were based on the use of simulated rainfall on disturbed soils in a small laboratory detachment tray. Since kinetic energy controls runoff and soil loss processes, the effects on the soil surface of rainfall events with the same average intensity may be different. Hence to study only the effects of event profile, we used four simulated rainfall events, each with a different profile but all delivering the same total kinetic energy to the soil surface. The study was conducted in the rainfall simulation laboratory, Department of Hydraulic, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat ModaresUniversity, Iran. For this study, four events with different temporal profiles of rainfall intensity, each with the same kinetic energy, were chosen; (a) constant intensity, (b) increasing intensity, (c) decreasing intensity and (d) increasing - decreasing intensity. The soil samples used in the experiments were a sandy soil (soil A) and a sandy loam soil (soil B). Disturbed soil samples were collected, air dried, crushed to pass a 4.75-mm sieve, and thoroughly mixed. For each experiment soil was packed into a drainable detachment tray to a specific bulk density. The test area of this tray was 15cmwide by 30cmlong and 15cmdeep.Eliminating the effects of soil moisture on results, soil was saturated from the bottom using drainage outlet tube connected to a water reservoir 24hr before each experiment. The tray was setup at a slope of 0.5% and exposed to simulated rainfall events. For each simulation, runoff and sediment were sampled at regular intervals. Our results showed that while the peak runoff was affected by event profile for the two soil types, there was no significant difference in total runoff among rainfall events examined for both soil types. However, our experiments showed that soil type significantly affected the soil loss. In addition our results showed that models that derive interrill soil erosion directly from rainfall intensity can, therefore, be expected to perform poorly in predicting soil erosion from varying intensity rainfall events. It may imply that various and complicated mechanisms might be activated for runoff and erosion under natural rainfall conditions. Our results may indicate that negligence of event profile may lead to inaccurate understanding of mechanisms involved in runoff and soil erosion.

---

Oleaster Powder can be used to enrich and improve the nutritional value of gluten-free baked products, which often have low fiber content, due to their desirable nutritional properties such as minerals, vitamins and rich in dietary fiber; therefore the aim of this study was to enrich gluten-free bread with Oleaster Powder and create a new product with suitable texture and nutritional quality; for this purpose in this study, the effect of replacing of Oleaster Powder at levels 0-30% with gluten-free flours (chickpea flour, Rice flour and corn starch) on physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of gluten-free bread was evaluated based on response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that by increasing the level of Oleaster Powder moisture content, ash, fiber, antioxidant capacity, lightness (L­*)  and yellowness value (b­*) of the samples significantly increased and the amount of fat, protein, carbohydrate, calories and redness (a *) of the samples decreased (P <0.05). Also the water activity was not affected by the factor (P>­0.05).With increasing the level of Oleaster Powder, the firmness and gumminess of breads increased significantly. On the other hand, at levels higher than 7.5% of Oleaster Powder, specific volume, cohesiveness and resilience of samples decreased and the loss weight of samples increased (P <0.05). In spite of increasing springiness and chewiness of samples with addition of Oleaster Powder, they were not statistically significant (P>­0.05). According to sensory evaluation, the sample containing 7.5% Oleaster Powder had a higher overall acceptance. Finally, the results showed that the sample enriched with 7.5% Oleaster Powder had desirable properties compared to other samples and can be used as a pragmatic raw material in the production of gluten-free breads with high and desirable nutritional value.