---

This paper, using Government and Binding Theory, deals with resumptive pronouns in Persian. It is concluded that the resumptive pronouns in genetive structures are obligatory. Such pronouns can be absent in genetive position of topicalized structures in the old and literary Persian. They are obligatory in prepositional structures too. The presence of prepositon before the head of relative clauses is possible, if in the of both relative and matrix clause verbs there exist -roles needing a joint preposition by which they are represented. Otherwise, the preposition must be stranded in the relative clause with a resumptive pronoun in the complement position. Resumptive pronouns are optional in the object position of relative clauses but banned in topicalized structures. A trace is prefered in the unmarked subject position of relative clauses but resumptive pronoun occurs when this position is focused and shows a sort of uniqueness. Relative element in Persian relative clauses is a non-overt operator coindexed with resumptive pronouns or traces. Persian language is sensitive to complex noun phrase consraint, and accordingly, in cases where a resumptive pronoun inside a complex noun phrase is coindexed with a non-overt operator out of that complex noun phrase and yet the structure is grammatical, it is concluded that no movement happens. So Persian resumptive pronouns are base-generated. Non-clitic pronouns can not be resumptive in topicalized structures.  

---

Aims: The availability of precipitation data plays an important role in many meteorological, hydrological and applications.
Materials & Methods: In this study, to improve precipitation maps and increase the accuracy of precipitation maps, linear regression, multivariate, and Kriging subsets were used. The data from 14 meteorological stations and IMERG images in the period of 20 years (2001 to 2020), digital elevation model, Latitude and Longitude maps were used. At first, based on regression in Minitab software, the relationship between air and ground parameters was taken. Finally, with the interpolation methods and based on the error coefficients, the best equations for predicting precipitation were determined and the spatial distribution of precipitation was obtained.
Findings: According to the results, six out of 13 models were selected because of low RMSE and high R², R, and NS. In regression models where only one climatic or edaphic parameter was used, forecast accuracy was reduced. But in the models that were used in the regression elevation, Longitude, Latitude and IMERG parameters in combination with interpolation methods, the extracted data matched the real data with a slight difference. In this study, instead of the average of the input parameters, the maps of each parameter were used, increasing the accuracy of the forecast model to R²=0.8.
Conclusion: results showed that combining satellite precipitation products with interpolation methods led to a more accurate estimate of precipitation in the points without recording data will be precipitated and the multivariate regression method will be more accurate than the linear gradient.

---

The goal of this study was to estimate the sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) to changes in meteorological parameters in the Caspian region. Long-term meteorological data (1961-2008) were obtained from three synoptic meteorological stations. The region was primarily classified into three climatic zones, based on De Martonne climate classification. The Penman–Monteith equation was applied to calculate the ET₀ and the sensitivity of ET₀was studied in terms of changes in air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and vapor pressure within a possible range of ±20% from the normal long-term meteorological parameters. The results indicated that the Caspian region could be classified into the three climatic classes: Mediterranean, humid, and extremely humid. During the last half century, meteorological parameters and, in particular, temperature of the Caspian region has changed dramatically and the ET₀ has increased as a result of climate change. The study suggests that an increase in temperature by 20% (approximately 3.3 ºC) will result in ET₀ demand increase by 16%. Changes in vapor pressure (20%) represented the highest inverse effect on annual ET₀throughout the Caspian region (-19% in the Mediterranean, and -30% in other climates). The Mediterranean and extremely humid climates of the Caspian region showed an increase of 2 and 5% of the total ET_0, respectively, in response to 20% change in the wind speed. It is quite essential for managers to take into consideration the expected change in evapotranspiration owing to global warming while planning for development of artificial and natural ecosystems in the Caspian region. 

---

In this study, the effect of the free extract, nanoliposome, and nanoniosome containing myrtle extract and sodium benzoate as a preservative on microbial, sensory, and chemical properties of mayonnaise during 90 days at 4 °C was investigated at 15 days intervals. The results of chemical tests showed that mayonnaise samples containing nanoliposome and nanoniosome significantly (p < 0.05) reduced peroxide, thiobarbituric acid compared to the control samples. There was a significant difference between the pH of the sauce samples prepared on the first day so that the highest pH (4.2) was related to the sauce sample containing sodium benzoate. The acidity values of all samples were in the standard range (0.62 to 1.4). Microbial results showed that the counts of Escherichia coli and heterofermentative lactobacilli were negative for all treatments and following the standard. During the storage time, the microbial growth of the sauce containing the natural preservative, nanoliposome, and nanoniosome, was effective in controlling mold and yeast and acid-resistant bacteria compared to the control sample (p <0.05). The results of sensory evaluation in this study showed that mayonnaise samples were significantly different in sensory properties during storage time so that the sauce containing free extract had a lower color score. Also, the lowest brightness index (L* = 74.31 ± 1.03) was related to the sauce containing the free extract. Sauce samples containing nanoniosome and nanoliposome had the highest acceptable spreadable property. The results of this study showed that using nanoniosome and nanoliposome containing the myrtle extract can reduce the use of the chemical additive sodium benzoate and this is a step in improving the health of the consumer community.

---

During the bleaching of edible oil, the color and many oil impurities are removed through the adsorbent which is usually the bleaching earth.  Although adsorbents containing silica have high bleaching capacity, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aluminium and magnesium oxides along with silica as the main component of adsorbent. The process was carried out with 1 and 2% of adsorbents consisting of different ratios of silica, aluminium and magnesium oxides. The amount of peroxide and acid values, chlorophyll, carotenoid, red and yellow colors, amounts of copper and iron of the bleached samples were determined. The results indicated that the effect of 2% of adsorbents was more effective than 1%  in reducing all of the investigated factors. The amount of 2% of the adsorbent containing 90% silica and 10% magnesium oxide reduced the peroxide value by 74.82% and the adsorbent containing 70% silica and 30% aluminium oxide reduced the acid value up to 50% (p˂0.05).  Combined adsorbents containing aluminium and magnesium oxides, especially those with 10 or 15% magnesium oxide reduced chlorophyll content significantly.  Adsorbents consisting of higher amounts of aluminium oxide were more effective to reduce carotenoids. Addition of aluminium and magnesium oxides had significant effect on reducing the amount of red color compared to the blank sample. The amount of copper decreased by about 50% compared to the blank sample (p˂0.05). The highest reduction in iron content was obtained using the adsorbent containing 70% silica, 10% aluminium oxide and 20% magnesium oxide. The results of this study showed that the adsorbents had a good performance during the bleaching process of soybean oil and the difference in bleaching depends on the consumed amount, the compounds of the adsorbent, especially aluminium and magnesium oxides, and the type of impurity.

---

The stability of curcumin and its encapsulation efficiency in emulsion are among the most important factors determining its bioavailability and absorption in the body. For this purpose, parameters affecting these two factors, including time, pH, and cellulose concentration, were used as input variables in the present study. Curcumin stability and encapsulation efficiency were used as response variables in artificial neural networks and decision tree algorithms. In this regard, cellulose nanocrystal obtained from acid hydrolysis was used to prepare curcumin Pickering emulsion with oil:water ratio of 5:95 and cellulose concentration 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3% (w/v) and the encapsulation efficiency and stability of curcumin were measured during 8 days. The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency significantly increased as cellulose concentration increased. Encapsulation efficiency at pH 7 was higher than at pH 2 (p≤0.05). The curcumin content in the emulsions prepared at pH 2 drastically decreased during storage, while it was less degraded in emulsions at pH 7 after 8 days of storage. The modelling results for curcumin stability and encapsulation efficiency based on R² and RMSE% statistics showed that MLP 3-6-1 (R²=0.99; RMSE%=10.00) and RBF 2-6-1 (R²=0.99; RMSE %=9.99) were had more accuracy than other models. Finally, the results showed that the artificial neural network algorithm performed better than the decision tree in predicting cellulose Pickering emulsions' encapsulation efficiency and curcumin stability.

---

One of the critical methods to maintain the stability and functional properties of plant essential oils as a useful source of bioactive compounds against environmental damage is their encapsulation in nanocarrier systems such as nanoliposomes. In this study, nanoliposome containing the citron peel essential oils were prepared without the use of toxic organic solvent and by employing health-giving compounds such as sesame oil in addition to lecithin for the first time in the formulation. The stability of the samples during 30 days of storage at temperatures of 4ºC and -18ºC was determined by investigating the retention amount of phenolic compounds, pH changes, antioxidant and antimicrobial performance. The nanoliposomal samples of essential oils of hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 of citron peel prepared with different concentrations of lecithin oil had different quantities of pH and phenol retention percentage, and their amount reduced with increasing storage time at both test temperatures. DPPH inhibitory ability and antimicrobial activity of both citron peel essential oils were improved after encapsulation in nanoliposome. But their amount in both storage temperatures decreased with the advancing of time. The nanoliposome of the supercritical fluid essential oil of citron peel respectively with the formulation containing the highest and lowest amount of lecithin oil at the storage temperature of 4ºC showed the best result in this study. Therefore, the citron peel essential oil with encapsulation in the nanoliposome system prepared from lecithin-sesame oil, due to improvement of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and its higher stability against storage temperature, can be used as an effective natural functional additive in the food industry.


 

---

Extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants have many bioactive agents, including phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Choosing the suitable extraction method affects the quantity and quality of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound waves in extracting phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design were used to optimize the extraction factors, including extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) and ultrasound intensity (40, 70, 100 %) with ethanolic solvent (70 %). From the results of the tests performed with the response surface methodology, ultrasound intensity was recognized as the most effective factor in extracting phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit and by increasing time and ultrasound intensity, the extraction of these compounds increased. The optimum conditions for extraction of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit were determined extraction time 36 minutes and ultrasound intensity 91 percent. In these optimum conditions, the amount of total phenolic contents and IC₅₀ index of ethanolic extracts extracted from Caper fruit were obtained 23.63 mg/g and 45.30 μg/mg, respectively, the optimum amount of minimum inhibitory concentration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were obtained 0.19 and 6.07 mg/ml, respectively, and the optimum amount of minimum batericidal concentration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was obtained 11.81 mg/ml. Also, the extracts extracted at time 36 minutes and ultrasound intensity 91 percent had the ability to inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 25 and 25 mg/ml, respectively, and had the batericidal ability of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 25, 50 and 50 mg/ml, respectively.
 

---

Chloride attack is one of the most destructive phenomena that has an adverse effect on concrete and steel materials in reinforced concrete structures. Corrosion of rebars and damage of concrete can significantly reduce the seismic capacity of these structures over time. Accordingly, it is necessary to model the deterioration of reinforced concrete sections before performing nonlinear analysis to evaluate their seismic behavior. In this regard, Instruction for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (code No. 360) recommends that in order to consider the corrosion effects of reinforced concrete sections, the moment-curvature relationships used in the definition of plastic joints are corrected by a fixed number called the knowledge factor. Due to the fact that the deterioration process of concrete structures under chemical attacks is time-dependent and also there are various uncertainties in modeling this phenomenon, it seems that considering the effects of corrosion with only one constant factor, is not enough and in this regard, more research needs to be done. In this regard, in the present paper, the seismic behavior of a reinforced concrete flexural frame with a lifetime of 50 years under chloride attack on the external aspects of the columns was studied. For this purpose, in the first step, chloride diffusion is modeled according to Fick's law and then the measure of damage in rebars and concrete was calculated using MATLAB software. In order to increase the modeling accuracy, a probabilistic framework based on Monte Carlo simulation was used to consider the uncertainties. In the next step, Moment-curvature curves of the sections were extracted using the results of deterioration modeling and were compared with those recommended by code No. 360. After that, the seismic behavior of the flexural frame was studied using static nonlinear analysis (Pushover) based on the moment-curvature results obtained from the present study and the recommendations of Code No. 360. A summary of the results obtained in this study can be expressed as follows: Corrosion due to chemical attacks can change the behavior of reinforced concrete members over time from deformation-control to force-control. For this reason, the type of failure mechanism of these structures changes from ductile to brittle. In correcting the moment-curvature diagrams of reinforced concrete flexural frame columns using the knowledge factor of Code No. 360, it is necessary to pay attention to the actual behavior of the member subject to corrosion. Using the method used in this research, it is possible to predict the actual behavior of concrete sections under the chloride attacks during the lifetime of the structure based on the modeling results of cross-sectional deterioration. For the studied moment frame, it was concluded that in the first half of the structure life, the use of a knowledge factor 0.75 to modify the curvature, is appropriate to correct the behavior of column sections subject to corrosion. But in the second half of the life of the structure, it is better to correct the moment-curvature relationship by applying the knowledge factor to the moment. In this study, the diameter of the rebars, ductility of steel, and the compressive strength of concrete were considered as indicators of damage due to chloride attacks. Based on statistical calculations, it was concluded that the determination of the reduction in diameter of rebars over time has a higher uncertainty than the other two parameters. Therefore, further research is needed to provide a suitable solution to more accurately estimate this parameter.

---

The findings of the studies by the International Labor Organization and the International Organization for Migration (2022) show that all over the world, more than forty million people are victims of modern slavery. On the other hand, studies of the Global Slavery Index (2016) show that there are more than 495,000 "modern slaves" in Iran. The emergence of such a damage is a stimulus to investigate and study this phenomenon and its determinants by calculating the vulnerability indicators for Iran.
Considering that there is no effective quantitative index in the field of improving the condition of slaves in Iran, the general goal of this research is to estimate a fuzzy index that includes the dimensions of vulnerability of slaves between 1996 and 2018.
We investigate the slavery situation in four dimensions: 1) Political and civil support; 2) Economic, social and health rights; 3) personal security and 4) Refugees and Conflict. The findings of this research show that the above-mentioned index has a downward trend during period under study.
Introduction
Slavery is any type of system in which the principles of property rights apply to humans and allow people (slaves) to be bought, sold, or owned by others like property. Over the years, this concept has been objectified in various situations such as labor, military, pre-service, etc. The life of a slave, with all its difficulties and hardships, is not the end of his personal life, in the sense of losing all the opportunities of a normal life; because it is possible for a slave to free himself. A slave soldier can be promoted to a senior military rank, or even a slave can become an important person in society. However, in the 15th century, the "Atlantic slave trade" destroyed this possibility. In such a way that over 400 years, 12 million Africans were transported as slaves to European and American colonies and did not have the possibility to return to a normal life. Even if they were freed from slavery, they were still deprived of some rights. Until the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, efforts were made to dismantle the system of slavery and the slave trade, and this issue was banned in most countries.
Considering that there is no effective quantitative index in the field of improving the condition of slaves, the general goal of this research is to estimate a multidimensional index that includes the dimensions of vulnerability and the number of slaves. In other words, the main goal of this research is to calculate an index in the field of the status of slaves, separated by gender and province. The existence of this index helps policy makers to organize their actions in the field of slaves' vulnerability.
Methodology
In this section, using an analytical-descriptive method, variables in four groups 1. Political and civil support; 2. Economic, social and health rights; 3. personal security and 4. war and asylum are categorized and, the vulnerability index of slaves will be estimated using the theory of fuzzy sets over the years. To calculate the fuzzy index of each of the aforementioned dimensions of the vulnerability index of slaves, it is necessary to consider variables for each of these dimensions.
The indexing method for the vulnerability of slaves is three-step, so that first, a fuzzy index will be created for each of the above-mentioned dimensions using the fuzzy method. In the second stage, by combining two political and civil indicators, its fuzzy index is made, and for the economic and social dimensions, the corresponding fuzzy index is obtained.
Results and Discussion
Using the aforementioned data, the system was simulated with a fuzzy approach, and the vulnerability index of slaves was obtained by separating urban and rural areas and by gender, as described in the following diagram:

According to the above graph, it is clear that the trend of slavery in the country is decreasing and it has experienced a total decrease of 50%. Having said that, the conditions of the villagers are more difficult than the urban dwellers, and girls have experienced more vulnerability. However, in urban areas, the trend of slaves for boys and girls has been the same.
Conclusion
Paying attention to the vulnerability of modern slavery requires the creation of appropriate platforms and contexts in economic, social and cultural dimensions in the regions of the country, and increasing the role and function of people in different economic-social types also creates platforms for development. Therefore, it is necessary to review the definitions related to development programs from the perspective of anti-slavery and to formulate and apply different levels of programs according to the characteristics and conditions of boys and girls in urban and rural areas. Therefore, according to the results of this research, it is suggested that the key policy priorities to reduce or eliminate forced labor and forced marriage should be changed and formulated in such a way that the rights and freedom of workers to determine wages and choose workplaces are recognized, and policies should be fair and anti-discriminatory in hiring workers