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Research subject: Nanomaterials are substances that, because of their size, can easily penetrate small pores and apply their impact. Nanofluids can allow appropriate wettability change in the reservoir rock, therefore, an accurate understanding of the behavioral mechanisms of these nanofluids is important in changing the wettability. This is because if there is no proper understanding of these mechanisms, they may exhibit the opposite behavior and cause damage to the reservoir. In previous research, CuO / TiO2 / PAM nanocomposite was synthesized and mechanistically introduced.
Research approach: In this study, in continuation of the previous study, the behavioral and mechanism study has been investigated in a more accurate and documented manner, and spectral absorption tests, chemical flooding, and relative permeability diagrams confirm the effectiveness of enhanced oil recovery results of this nanocomposite. In carbonate rocks due to the positive surface charge of the rock and the negative charge of the nanocomposite, adsorption of nanomaterials in a double electrode layer state has been suggested as the dominant mechanism of wettability change. In sandstone rocks due to the charge coincidence of rock surface and nanomaterials which are both negative, the mechanism of disjoining pressure was the dominant mechanism of wettability change. To prove the abovementioned behaviors 200 ppm concentration of nanofluid was analyzed by spectroscopy method of adsorption analysis to validate the attraction forces of the nanocomposite with carbonate rocks and repulsion forces with sandstones.
Main results: Dynamic chemical flood tests were performed to confirm the effectiveness of this material in increasing oil production and showed 8.5% and 6.35% increase in oil production for carbonate and sandstone lithologies, respectively. Relative permeability diagrams showed an intersection point in the carbonate system with a 10% increase in water saturation and an intersection point in the sandstone system with a 12% increase in water saturation and the behavioral effect of the material at the studied concentrations.

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Spatial inequalities and income and capital gaps between different areas of society are currently considered one of the most significant barriers to sustainable development. Disparities between disadvantaged regions (border or non-border) and developed regions, as well as urban-rural gaps, are the most important signs of spatial inequalities. This paper attempts to study the degree of integration or disparity between urban and rural areas in Iran over the past four decades using a secondary analysis method. Four variables will be analyzed: population distribution, dominant economic and production sectors, poverty levels and distribution, and income and expenditure gaps. Evaluation of the spatial planning system’s performance in the country reveals a sectoral and non-planning approach with an emphasis on centralization and urbanization, which has exacerbated inequalities and disparities between peripheral and central regions, as well as between urban and rural areas. The country has experienced rapid, unplanned, and sometimes uneven urbanization, to the detriment of the sustainability and population balance in small urban areas and rural ones, which has not necessarily been accompanied by balanced regional development. Large cities have attracted a labor force to their peripheries, leading to a life of poverty in marginal and rural areas. While absolute poverty has decreased, rural populations, especially in disadvantaged areas, continue to bear the brunt of poverty. Income and expenditure indicators have also favored urban dwellers. Overall, macro-level data in the country indicates the existence of spatial divisions. However, wherever urban-rural linkages have been established and strengthened, regional and urban-rural disparities have decreased.
 

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of producer cooperatives (PCs) on rural development in Fars, Khorasan, Semnan, Golestan and Hamadan provinces of Iran in 2007. More specifically, this paper focuses on the economic aspects and social changes occurred in rural area concerning the cooperatives development. In order to measure quantitatively the effectiveness of economic and social changes, we included per capita income, factors productivity, expansion of rain irrigation, technology changes as economic indicators and the rate of participation in social activities, rate of migration and job creation as social indicators in the model. The findings based on 212 Producers Cooperative sampling data in the selected provinces show that the PCs have played a positive role in preventing migration to urban area. Moreover, the PCs have statistically significant and positive effects on the production, employment and labor productivity in this sector. In addition, in some areas they contributed to develop commercial agriculture.

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Aims: One of the professional duties of nurses is providing the education needed to continue patients' medical treatment at home, influenced by their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nurses and nursing students toward family drug education in pediatric wards.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 300 nurses and nursing students in the pediatric wards of hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nurses and students concerning patient and family education in pediatric wards were assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
Findings: All nurses and students agreed with teaching families the safety tips of home medication, but only 60% of nurses and 65% of students agreed with teaching families about drug side effects. Also, there was a significant relationship between the viewpoints of nurses and students regarding the non-use of drugs in the case of teaching drug side effects to the family and their pharmacological knowledge and performance (p<0.05). Students’ knowledge and performance of home pharmaceutical care indicated statistically significant differences with nurses (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Knowledge of pharmaceutical care at home among nurses and students who do not have a positive attitude towards educating families in some areas is not satisfactory.

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Aims: Understanding the climate of a region can create an architecture that is consistent with it. Therefore, in this paper, the architectural compatibility of the village of Meymand Troglodytic has been identified as the key element of the research. The main purpose of this study is to determine the degree of adaptation of the climate element of temperature to the architecture of Meymand Troglodytic village in the heat period.
Methods: Correlation research method based on field measurements was used. Field measurements were performed on 3 August and 4 August 2019 as representative of the heat period. The temperature variable in the village of Meymand was collected by a data logger and it should be noted that the measurements were made at 6 am and 3 pm to obtain maximum and minimum temperatures.
Findings: The results of the Givoni bioclimatic diagram showed that there was a significant difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures on harvest days. Architectural findings of Meymand Troglodytic village showed that the excavated buildings in the mountain utilize high heat capacity of the soil, which can be most consistent with the climate element in the heat period. Also, the presence of suitable horizontal and frame shades, lack of high openings are other important physical factors in accordance with the climate of Meymand village in terms of temperature.
Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that almost all of the buildings in the village of Meymand are associated with the climate element of temperature during the heat period.

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Aerospace Launch Vehicles (ALVs), used for launching artificial satellites and space stations to Earth orbits, usually encounter with failure in navigation systems . In these cases, survival of an ALV during accurate payloads injection in orbits is one of the most critical issues for Guidance and Control systems.An important challenge for safety of Aerospace Launch Vehicle (ALV) is their reliability against all types of faults. There is a requirement for on-board fault detection without deteriorating the performance of ALV. In this paper, a new software sensor is proposed for fault detection and compensation based on symmetrical behavior of the yaw and pitch channels of an ALV. For this purpose, using identification techniques on the yaw channel, a new software sensor is developed as an online rigid dynamic predictor for the pitch channel. The proposed software sensor is employed to generate the residual of estimation error as an indicator of predefined faults. The main novelty of this software sensor is online tuning of the virtual sensor against unforeseen variations in the parameters of the vehicle. Robustness of the new control system in the presence of asymmetric behavior is investigated. The efficiency of the proposed fault tolerant method is illustrated through simulations.

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In this paper we developed and modeled elastic - plastic contact theories for soft spherical nano - bacteria to be applied in manipulation of various micro/nanobio particles based on atomic force microscopy. First, we simulated elastic contact for three types of nano - bacteria: S. epidermidis, S. salivarius and S. aureus, using Hertz contact model and finite element. Comparing simulation results of elastic contact with experimental data showed that considering elastic contact for simulating the contact of nano - bio particles is not appropriate and will yield incorrect results. Therefore, in this research, we tried to develop and simulate Chang elastic - plastic contact theory to be applied in simulation of contact mechanics for application in simulating manipulation. Comparing simulation of Chang contact theory with available experimental data and the results from contact simulation of Chen et al showed that Chang’s complete elastic - plastic theory yields desirable results. Comparing the diagram of contact radius in terms of indentation in Hertz and Chang theories showed that the created contact radius in elastic - plastic state is larger than contact radius in elastic state.

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Reaction wheels are angular momentum exchange devices used to stabilize the position of the satellite and maneuvering. This actuator can change the momentum of the satellite to change the attitude of the system. During the process of operation, noise and disturbances arisen from the unbalancing of the wheels lead to inconvenient performance of the reaction wheels. Several works have been presented for active noise cancelation in these devices. But, the practical tools of signal processing such as filter banks and wavelets which used for offline de-noising are samples of very useful noise cancellation methods. If these toolboxes are employed for online de-noising these signal processing approaches are applicable for noisy systems such as reaction wheels. The main challenge of this strategy is delay arisen from the signal processing and this is inevitable. In this paper, a strategy of online wavelet de-noising is designed and proposed for noise cancellation in a reaction wheel. In this regards, for considering the delay compensation the method of Smith predictor is used to lead the delay of the process out of the closed loop control system. The accuracy of this algorithm requires an estimate of the system dynamics and the understanding of the delay system. According to the use of the FIR filter delay can be fully calculated. The recursive least squares used for identification reaction wheel as an estimate of the system.

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With regard to the increasing demand for energy to meet various needs, renewable energies should be achieved. The scholars believe that renewable and clean energies can be the first alternative to generate power, if we take into account the limited fossil fuels and environmental pollution.  Iran is of numerous capabilities in generating new and renewable energies. This study aims to present an optimum model to develop renewable energies, which reduces the environmental pollution in addition to supply the required power. By minimizing the objective function and regarding 3 types of limitations on sources, demands and techniques, and using robust optimization method, we propose a model for Iranian energy sector at the 2025 horizon in which 15% of electricity is generated using solar energy. 

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This study investigated the export status of stone fruits in Iran during 1997 to 2010. Export trends and revealed comparative advantage of indices, namely, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and Relative Export Advantage (RXA) as well as Trade Mapping (TM) were investigated for cherries, plums, peaches, and apricots. Target markets for these products were ranked using numerical taxonomies. The results showed that Iran had export's comparative advantage for stone fruits only in 2007 and 2010. But, this index had a positive growth for the stone fruits in those years, indicating an increasing trend in the export status of these products. Trade mapping analysis indicates that although the export market for these products has declined during the period studied, Iran has taken a greater share of the market and is among the winner groups. The principal export markets in decreasing order were found to be Germany, The UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Switzerland, the UAE, and Afghanistan.

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Activated sludge process is commonly utilized for the treatment of wastewater with the benefits of high efficiency and easy operation. However, during the biological treatment of wastewater, huge amounts of waste biomass (called as “waste activated sludge (WAS)”) are inevitably generated in the process. The WAS should be treated in order to reduce the water content of raw WAS, transform the highly putrescible organic matter into stable or inert organic and inorganic residue, and finally condition the residue to meet disposal acceptance regulations. But, WAS treatment and disposal, representing 50–60% of the total operating costs of the wastewater treatment. WAS is produced in massive volumes; specifically, more than 25,000 tons of WAS is produced in Iran per year. Anaerobic digestion is one the most applicable methods in WAS stabilization due to its ability to reduce WAS volume and produce biogases. A mixture of primary and secondary sludge (WAS) passes through anaerobic digestion, but this process is more difficult for WAS than primary sludge. However, the hydrolysis stage limits anaerobic WAS digestion. To optimize the general process of WAS anaerobic digestion and increase hydrolysis performance, it would be possible to pre-treat WAS by various mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological methods. In this research the influence of ultrasonic bath pre-treatment was studied to observe the effects of ultrasonic density and sonication time on WAS solubilisation. The charactristics of ultrasonic wave producer was surface area of 240×137 mm2, frequency of 40 kHz, power of 265W. The effect of ultrasonic waves with these characteristics on WAS solubilization was investigated for the first time. Increases in soluble chemical oxygen demand and soluble polysaccharide concentration, as well as the decrease in volatile suspended solids, indicate that pre-treatment could cause WAS solubilisation. The cavitation produced by ultrasound waves radiation breaked down the bacterial cell wall and released the intracellular substances into an aqueous phase. Since polysaccharide is one of the main parts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), a polysaccharide concentration increase in the solution indicated that ultrasonication disintegrates WAS floc and the EPS value reduced in biological flocculation. Increases in ultrasonic density and sonication time caused more solubilisation, stronger cavitation arised with an increase in ultrasonic density and with increased ultrasonic density; more floc structure disintegration was achieved in less time. The best Pre-treatment efficiency was achieved in ultrasonic density 0.53 W/mL and 20 min. sonication time and it caused 20% increase in biogas production compared to the control sample. In addition to WAS pre-treatment for solubilisation, the ultrasonic bath pretreatment could improve WAS settling properties. After pre-treatment with the lowest energy in experiment rang, the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI) decreased by about 10% compared to the control sample; this reduction continued upon the energy increase. Reduction of EPS from around WAS floc reduced the negative charge of WAS floc and increased the WAS floc’s fall rate. Therefore, DSVI reduction resulting from ultrasonic bath pre-treatment could be due to the EPS concentration reduction around WAS floc. Likewise, the influence of pre-treatment on electrical conductivity was also examined for the first time. Given the change in WAS, electrical conductivity with ultrasonic bath pre-treatment, in addition to other tests like chemical oxygen demand and volatile suspended solids, electrical conductivity could also effectively assess WAS solubilisation.