---

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of some insecticides on the control of Sarta longhorned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta Solsky adults and larvae. In the laboratory, three pairs of mated and non-oviposited adults were released on the logs of field elm, Ulmus minor Mill that had been treated with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, permethrin or imidacloprid. In the field experiments, artificially infested U. minor var. umbraculifera Rehd trees were treated by imidacloprid and oxydemeton-methyl through soil and trunk injection. In the laboratory test the best results were obtained from imidacloprid and permethrin applications, because of occurrence of high adult mortality after short period and also preventing egg laying. Despite a few eggs that were laid on the chlorpyrifos treated logs, there were no living larvae in the sprayed logs. Results of the field tests showed that the number of living larvae did not differ significantly between oxydemeton-methyl and control treatment, however, imidacloprid injection was effective in controlling this pest.

---

Soil-dwelling mites and especially Gamasina (Mesostigmata) are very important to soil ecosystems. They are one of the major groups rich in species and abundance. In order to study mesostigmatic mite fauna, soil samples were collected from different oak forests of Lordegan region. The mites were extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels and then cleared in Lactic acid and mounted in Hoyer's medium. This study reports on the distribution of soil mesostigmatids in Iran and world-wide. Twenty species belonging to 13 genera of five families were collected and identified. Species are listed as follows: Ascidae: Arctoseius cetratus (Sellnick, 1940), Gamasellodes bicolor (Berlese, 1918), Antennoseius (Antennoseius) bacatus Athias-Henriot, 1961, Antennoseius (Antennoseius) masoviae (Sellnick, 1943). Blattisociidae: Lasioseius youcefi Athias-Henriot, 1959. Laelapidae: Cosmolaelaps rectangularis Sheals, 1962, Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi (Berlese, 1903), Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Canestrini, 1883), Gaeolaelaps minor (Costa, 1968), Gaeolaelaps oreithyiae (Walter & Oliver, 1989), Haemolaelaps fenilis (Megnin, 1875), Haemolaelaps shealsi (Costa, 1968), Haemolaelaps schusteri (Hirschmann, 1966), Laelaspis kamalii Joharchi and Halliday, 2012, Laelaspis missouriensis (Ewing, 1904), Gymnolaelaps canestrinii (Berlese, 1903), Gymnolaelaps obscuroides (Costa, 1968). Ologamasidae: Sessiluncus hungaricus Karg, 1964, Allogamasellus sp.; Veigaiidae: Veigaia planicola Berlese, 1882. The genus Allogamasellus and Haemolaelaps schusteri are reported for the first time for Iranian mite fauna and the male of Laelaspis kamalii is reported for the first time for world fauna.

---

In the present article, by analyzing the participants’ errors in the writing section of the international DELF exam, the authors try to discuss the evolution and mutation of the Iranian learners' inter-language. The general purpose of this research, accordingly, is to pinpoint the effects of Persian language on learning French, as a foreign language, in such realms as vocabulary, and idiomatic and structural constructions. The research, as well takes into account the way inter-language evolves and changes in four levels of DELF exam based on the common European referent Framework for languages. Due to the fact that the language learners are impressed by their mother language, they, unconsciously, experience linguistic errors in such fields as vocabulary use, syntactic structure, and grammar while writing.
 The findings of this research revealed that Iranian French-language learners who participate in the international French exams, are basically under the impression of a simplified system of French language, the complexity of which is promoted along with the learners' general level. The analysis of the texts composed by the participants of the DELF exam reveals that the writing errors performed by the learners are mostly rooted in their mother language as well as their false assumptions and predispositions about language and its learning process.

---

Potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Lep.: Gelechiidae) is a serious pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae). To study factors influencing capture of male PTM by pheromone traps, two sets of experiments were conducted in a split-plot factorial design. In the first experiment, four factors were studied: potato cultivar (Agria, Marfona, Jelly, Arinda, Santea and Sabalan), storage type (cold and conventional), trap shape (funnel and delta) and trap color (white and green). Significant differences were found among storage types and potato cultivars. Total moth catches were eight times higher in conventional storage than that of cold storage. Agria and Marfona cultivars had the highest capture, while Arinda and Sabalan cultivars had the lowest. There were no significant differences between trap shapes and trap colors. Results showed that trap catches in different cultivars were affected by storage conditions. In cold storages the highest and lowest captures were 7.00 and 5.58 moth/trap/week, whereas in conventional storages the highest and lowest captures were 59.9 and 42.3. The second experiment was aimed to assess the effect of cellulose mulch on the capturing of PTM in conventional storages containing Agria. Results showed that pheromone traps in control (no-mulch) treatments caught three times more PTM than the mulched treatments. It is concluded that lower numbers of PTM were caught in potatoes held in cold storages than that of conventional storages. Otherwise, in conventional storages, cellulose mulch can be applied to reduce PTM population density.
 

---

Diaeretiella rapae is an important natural enemy in the biological control of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. This study evaluated the lethal effects of dichlorvos, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, spinosad, and hexaflumuron on the aphid and its parasitoid. The sub-lethal effects of spinosad and dinotefuran were also examined. Circular leaf discs were soaked in insecticide concentrations, and fourth instar nymphs of the aphid were exposed. For the adult wasps, the bioassay involved contact with insecticide residues. The toxicity of the insecticides against the pest and its parasitoid was ranked as follows: dichlorvos > dinotefuran > spinosad > hexaflumuron > indoxacarb, with significantly higher toxicity against the parasitoid wasp. The highest and lowest selective ratios for the insecticides' safety towards the parasitoid were calculated for hexaflumuron and indoxacarb, respectively. Hexaflumuron and spinosad are the least harmful insecticides to the wasp. The net reproductive rate of dinotefuran was lower than that of the control and spinosad. The values for gross reproductive rate were 41.99 ± 5.34, 27.75 ± 3.3, and 16.97 ± 2.36 offspring/female for the control, spinosad, and dinotefuran treatments, respectively. The intrinsic rate of population increase for D. rapae was lowest following exposure to dinotefuran. The percentage of adult D. rapae emergence in the control, spinosad, and dinotefuran was 99.6%, 96.8%, and 94.2%, respectively. A Type II functional response was observed for D. rapae after exposure to the control, Spinosad, and Dinotefuran treatments. Overall, it was found that hexaflumuron and D. rapae are effective options for an integrated pest management program to control the cabbage aphid.

 

---

Le jugement professionnel est défini comme un processus qui mène à une prise de décision à partir de différentes considérations. Ces dernières se construisent par les processus cognitifs individuels et sociaux des enseignants. Dans cette perspective, le jugement professionnel, issu du processus cognitif des enseignants, contribue à la détermination des critères d’évaluation ainsi qu’à la prise de décisions sommatives. La présente étude vise à comprendre comment l’agir évaluatif des enseignants du FLE s’effectue lorsque le jugement évaluatif s'exerce dans des pratiques d’évaluation sommative. Dans cette visée, nous avons tenté de remettre en question l’influence du jugement professionnel des enseignants sur les quatre étapes de la démarche de prise de décision et d’attribution des notes à savoir 1. La définition de l’objet d’évaluation 2. Le recueil des informations 3. L’interprétation des informations recueillies à partir des critères d’évaluation établis 4. La prise des décisions. Dans le but de la réalisation de cette recherche, nous avons mis en œuvre des entretiens semi-dirigés en tant qu’outil de recherche et nous avons analysé et interprété le récit de pratiques évaluatives des participants à l’entretien. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a un écart entre la réalité des pratiques déclarées des enseignants et celle considérée comme souhaitable ainsi qu’il y a des obstacles et des tensions en ce qui a trait à la construction de la professionnalité du jugement professionnel d'évaluation des enseignants.
 

---

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ten different sugar beet genotypes on nutritional indices of the beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae) at 25±1°C, 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) hour. The sugar beets evaluated in this study included two sugar beet cultivars (HM 1339 RZ and SBSI006), five populations (SB26, SB27, SB29, SB33, SB34), one hybrid (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5 and two lines (FC 301 and FC 220). Fourth instar larvae reared on (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5 showed the highest Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of 0.31 mg mg^-1 day^-1, Relative Consumption Rate (RCR) of 4.79 mg mg^-1 day^-1 and Approximate Digestibility (AD) value of 94.35% compared with the other host plants. The lowest value of RCR (0.81 mg mg^-1 day^-1) was on SBSI006. The Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) was varied from 1.80% on FC 220 to 9.14% on SB34. The highest AD value of fifth instar (92.63%) wason (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5 and the lowest value of this index was recorded on SB27 (83.71%). The highest AD value of whole larval instars was noted in (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5 (93.73%). The lowest value of RCR (1.78 mg mg^-1 day^-1) was found on SB27. The heaviest pre-pupa (81.01 mg), pupa (72.55 mg) and wet adults (19.14 mg) of beet armyworm were recorded on (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5. The results indicated that (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5 was the most suitable host for S. exigua that should be considered in cultivation or breeding programs.

---

Neonicotinoid pesticides such as imidacloprid and thiacloprid are agonists of nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs). This chemical group is commonly used in controlling sucking pests such as cotton whitefly, B. tabaci, one of the most serious and destructive pests of agricultural crops worldwide. Bioassays were performed using a leaf dip method and Ahvaz population with the lowest LC₅₀ value (24.40 mg ai L^-1) was considered as the susceptible population. LC₅₀ values of Karaj, Isfahan, Kashan, Gorgan and Minab populations were estimated as 189.81, 136.91, 106.95, 141.09, and 68.31 mg ai L^-1, respectively. Low Resistance Ratios (RR) to imidacloprid were observed in the tested populations (RR values< 10). The piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and TriPhenyl Phosphate (TPP) showed the highest synergistic ratios of 1.99 and 2.42 in the population of Kashan, respectively, but DiEthyl Maleate (DEM) did not show a high synergistic ratio. The activity of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (P450s), CarboxylEsterase (CarEs) and Dlutathione S-Transferases (GST) were measured. There was an increase in the activity of P450s up to 3-fold in the Gorgan population and CarE activity in Kashan population up to 2-fold in comparison to the susceptible population. Based on the results, P450s and CarEs are possibly the enzyme systems responsible for imidacloprid resistance in the tested populations of B. tabaci.

---

The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important pests of tomato worldwide. In this study, resistance of different populations of the tomato leaf miner from Isfahan Province was evaluated against abamectin. The median Lethal Concentrations (LC₅₀) of different populations were estimated by bioassays using a leaf-dip method. The LC₅₀ value of abamectin in the reference population of Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) was estimated as 5.67 mg ai L^-1, while the population of Shahre-e-Abrisham 1 showed the highest (25-fold) resistance, with an LC₅₀ value of 143.18 mg ai L^-1. Pre-treatment of different populations with diethyl maleate (DEM) synergist, an inhibitor of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), increased significantly abamectin toxicity. GST activity was also found significantly different between resistant and reference populations. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an inhibitor of esterases (ESTs), reduced the LC₅₀ value of abamctin in the populations as much as 1.73- to 3.73-fold. The activity of ESTs in these populations was also significantly different. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased abamectin toxicity between 1.3- to 2.9-fold in tested populations. The highest ratios of synergism for DEM (5.86), TPP (3.73-fold), and PBO (2.91-fold) were observed in Shahre-e-Abrisham 1. It seems that GSTs and ESTs play a more important role in the resistance development against abamectin in the studied populations. High levels of resistance to abamectin in the collected populations from Isfahan Province shows the importance of insecticide resistance management based on the early detection of resistance and alternative use of insecticides.