Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2024)
Abstract
Background: Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are common pathogens in respiratory tract infections, causing some diseases like community-acquired pneumonia, acute sinusitis, and otitis media. Antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens occurs over the years. This systematic review aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of these pathogens in Iran in the last 5 years.
Materials & Methods: All original articles related to the antimicrobial resistance of H. influenza and M. catarrhalis in Iran since 2018 were searched in English and Persian databases. The articles were screened primarily and secondary. After screening the articles (extracted blindly), conflicts were resolved, and the final data were reviewed.
Findings: This study included nine articles after primary and secondary screening steps, comprising 111 H. influenzae and 78 M. catarrhalis isolates. The lowest resistance of H. influenzae isolates was against levofloxacin (0.0%), cefotaxim (11.1%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%), while the highest resistance of these isolates was against tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin. M. catarrhalis isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), cefazolin (87.5%), cefuroxime (84.4%), ampicillin (84.4%), and amoxicillin (81.2%). Co-trimoxazole resistance rates of M. catarrhalis isolates from adenoid tissue and pharynx were different. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was 0.0%; macrolides were the most effective antibiotics.
Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones and macrolides are the most effective antibiotics for M. catarrhalis, while fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime or ceftriaxone work best for H. influenzae. It is recommended to use fluoroquinolones and macrolides for managing outpatients and fluoroquinolones, macrolides, or ceftriaxone for managing inpatients. Prescription of β-lactams and/or co-trimoxazole is ineffective.
Volume 18, Issue 7 (11-2018)
Abstract
In this paper the conventional structure of dual-axis sun tracker is modified based on new mechanical and electrical detectors which are proposed to reduce both the angular error and power consumption. Automatic adjustment of the azimuth, latitude and altitude angle for the photovoltaic panels improves the performance of converting solar energy to the electrical energy, throughout all the seasons. In other words, both the north-worth and east-west angular error is continuously minimized until that the panel’s surface is solarized with the maximum energy. Post-Fabrication results show that the proposed control circuit and two actuators consume the average power of less than 10mWatt alongside the 13-hour of a summer day. The external power source is no longer required because the received power is saved in a battery in order to provide the power of the control circuit. The ratio of the required energy to the saved energy is optimized to around 0.13%. Measurement results confirm that the total Watt-hour during a summer day is improved around 60 percent in comparison to the case that a fixed panel is used. Design of the mechanical objects are performed using CATIA software such that endure up to 1200Watt panel array.
Volume 18, Issue 116 (October 2021)
Abstract
Honey is a natural product containing water and different complex compounds such as proteins, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Environmental contaminations and fraud that occur during honey production, endangers consumer health. The aim of this study, investigate and identify the factors that are deliberately or unintentionally present in honey in order to control these factors, the quality of honey and consumer health to be maintained. In the current review study the information achieved by referring to the databases Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, Civilica, World Health Organization, United Nations Food and Drug Administration collected based on keywords honey, physicochemical properties, hygienic quality, public health, heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues during the last 10 years. Factors affecting the hygienic and safety of honey include carbohydrates (fructose-glucose ratio), proline, gluconic acid, citric acid, moisture, ash (especially potassium), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase activity (alpha and beta amylase), color, electrolytic conductivity, pH, acidity, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues. Physicochemical properties, although affecting the quality of honey but not a threat to consumer health, but heavy metals and residual medicines, in addition to honey quality, also endanger consumer health; thus, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues, in comparison to physicochemical properties, affect the hygienic quality of honey and public health. Thus heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues than physicochemical properties, the honey quality and consumers public health more endanger. As a result, the identification and control of heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues in honey is more important than physicochemical properties.
