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In this study greenhouse tomato production was investigated from energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission point of views. Moreover, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were employed to model energy consumption for greenhouse tomato production. Total energy input and output were calculated as 1316.14 and 281.1 GJ/ha. Among the all energy inputs natural gas and electricity had the most significant contribution to the total energy input. Evaluations of GHG emission illustrated that the total GHG emission was estimated at 34758.11 kg CO₂eq./ha and among all inputs, electricity played the most important role, followed by natural gas. Drawing a comparison between ANN and ANFIS models demonstrated that the ANFIS-based models due to employing fuzzy rules can model output energy more accurate than ANN models. Accordingly, Correlation coefficient (R), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for the best ANFIS architecture were calculated as 0.983, 0.025 and 0.149, respectively while these performance parameters for the best ANN model was computed as 0.933, 0.05414 and 0.279, respectively. 

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Robust information of genetic diversity among Bt cotton genotypes is still lacking and availability of several marker systems has prompted us to compare their utility for the detection of genetic diversity. Here, we report the comparative efficiency of morphological and molecular markers (EST-SSRs and ISSRs) in determining the genetic diversity among 30 Pakistani Bt cotton genotypes. Three different dendrograms based on 20 EST-SSRs, 13 ISSRs and 20 morphological markers divided the 30 Bt cotton genotypes into five, six, and three clusters, respectively. EST-SSRs and ISSRs revealed 0.73-1.00 and 0.77-0.97 genetics similarity among Bt cotton genotypes which indicated low level of genetic diversity. Further population structure analysis showed extensive allelic admixture among Bt cotton cultivars and identified three (EST-SSRs) and six (ISSRs) subgroups. The MGHES-31 (EST-SSRs) and UBC-807 and UBC-815 (ISSRs) showed maximum values of Polymorphic Information Contents(PIC) and Dj and had low value of Cj. The comparison of two marker systems showed that EST-SSRs had high value of Expected heterozygosity (H_ep) and low value of Marker Index (MI) as compared to ISSRs. In conclusion, high level of genetic similarity among Bt cotton genotypes compel the plant breeders for the introduction of divers/exotic genotypes in their breeding program and marker discriminating indices could be a potential tool for selection of particular marker system to unveil the genetic difference.

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Bio-inoculants have potential role in plant growth promotion. The present study evaluated the potential of Pseudomonas strains as bio-inoculants in wheat on the basis of plant growth promotion and physiological characterization. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that four isolated strains belonged to genus Pseudomonas. These strains were positive for phosphorus solubilization and indole acetic acid production, whereas only two strains were positive candidate for their nitrogen fixing ability as determined by presence or absence of nifH gene through amplification from polymerase chain reaction. The pot experiment showed that the integrated use of Pseudomonas strains as co-inoculant and 50% applied mineral fertilizers enhanced the maximum wheat growth and development from 58 to 140% for different shoot and root growth parameters. The strain NCCP-45 and NCCP-237 were closely related to Pseudomonas beteli and Pseudomonas lini, respectively. These isolated strains can be used to increase crop productivity by using as a bio-fertilizer inoculum.

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The juice industry is seeking cost-effective Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) reactor systems to treat bulk fluid. The paper discusses the development of a helix-shaped glass chamber (HSGC) for PEF treatment in the juice industry. PEF treatment is a non-thermal technology used for the preservation and processing of fruit juices. The HSGC design aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of PEF treatment by enhancing the distribution of electric fields within the chamber. The PEF treatment is believed to be biochemical and physical parameters. The traditional designs don't have good attributes for uniformity of PEF treatment and long fluid residence time. The developed HSGC was successfully applied on mango juice samples, and variation of chemical parameters including viscosity and conductivity, including microbial inactivation of microorganisms (Escherichia coli), was explored. The results are compared with the new values of the juice condition. The simulation results indicate that the juice fluid remains at a normal temperature range of 20-25°C. The results were encouraging and discussed, suggesting that HSGC is a viable option for processing sour mango juice with a significant amount of microbial inactivation without adversely affecting the physical and biochemical parameters. In addition, it is effective for long-term preservation of fruit juices and liquids. The residence time in the treatment chamber, the intensity, and uniformity of PEF treatment affect the variation in chemical. The results demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of using the helix-shaped chamber for PEF treatment, offering potential benefits for juice quality and shelf life. Overall, the paper provides valuable insights into the development of innovative technologies for the juice industry.

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The efficiency of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) based Chickpea Hull Polysaccharides (CHPS) edible coating with regards to shelf life and physicochemical properties of cherry tomatoes were determined. Cherry tomatoes were coated with various CHPS concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%) to preserve cherry tomatoes during storage at 20^◦C. The CMC-incorporated CHPS coatings were found effective to reduce the respiration rate, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, total soluble solid, vitamin C, total polyphenols, and to improve the overall likeness of fruit compared with the control. All these effects were noted to be dose-dependent. Taken together, using CMC-incorporated CHPS coatings could prolong the shelf life of cherry tomatoes.

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Potassium (K) mitigates the effect of high temperature on canola, especially during its later growth stages when sowing of canola is delayed. To explore the effect of K on high temperature tolerance and canola production, a field experiment (2019–2021) was conducted. The experiment had two sowing dates (October 15 and November 1) and four K treatments, i.e. control, soil application (50 kg K ha^-1), soil application+0.25% K foliar spray at pre- and post-flowering stages, and soil application+0.50% K foliar spray at pre and post-flowering stages. Application of 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K-foliar sprays resulted in higher production of biochemicals (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and total soluble sugars) besides net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance along with less malondialdehyde production and relative cell injury in crops sown on November 1^st than untreated plants. Moreover, it also enhanced chlorophyll florescence and chlorophyll (a and b) contents of late-sown crop. Plants sown on November 1^st and received 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K foliar spray also gave a higher yield and economic returns than the control. Therefore, it is suggested to supply 50 kg K ha^-1 at sowing and a foliar spray of 0.50% K at the pre- and post-flowering stages to canola sown late in the season to achieve optimal and economical yield levels.