---

Javad Hossein Zadeh Official Member of Scientific Board of Higher Education Organization of Jihad Daneshgahi  According to the 15 th article of "Islamic consultative assemblies' institutions, responsibilitits, and elections" law, the absolute majority of the audience’ votes is a bases of credit of the Islamic consultative assemblies' decisions, whereas the legislator has not presented any preise' ecisions, definition for "absolute majority" in this law. In the famous Persian lexicons and the dictionaries of law, "half (of total number of audience's votes) plus one" has been presented, in a full agreements, as the definition of the absolute majority, whereas in some of the laws, this majority has beem interpreted as "more than half of the total number of audience's votes", The parallels of these definitions, without alluding to the term of "absolute majority", have been mentioned in the Commercial Reform Bill, which is ratified in 1347. But, none of these definitions, because of the discrepancy of their description or the legislator's silence, obviateel the problem of the consultative assemblies' institutions or she associations which were formed with an odd number. Therefore, always shere have been disagreement between the members of the consultative assemblies and the executors, in quorum validity. In other words, this question still remains that in the case of the legislators silence about the definition of the absolute majority according to is/her lexical definition (half plus one) or when the legislator has defined his majority as the same purport (half plus one), what is the whole number) which the decimal number (which is caused by applying the mentioned definition) must be rounded? The next highest or lowest whole number? While criticizing the notions of proportional and special majority, this article has proceeded to analyze the effects and the results which have been caused by each of the two definitions of the absolute majority, among the groups and the consultative assemblies which are formed with odd or even number, Finally it has inferred that the absolute majority has only one definition and it is nothing except: "more than half of the total number of audience.

---

One of the important problems in seismic rehabilitation studies of existing structures is opportune decision making about ending or continuance of various stages rehabilitation in order to save time and cost. About that we can use decision maker systems to solve this problem and to give more rational assessment about that problem. This paper presents a procedure based on Fuzzy Logic that classifies structures into qualitative seismic hazard categories. The purpose of this study is to get a model that can speed existing structures seismic rehabilitation primary studies and also to prompt decision making about continuance of study process. In order to account real world data, in addition to expert’s knowledge, groups of school seismic rehabilitation data of different cities of Iran have been used for modeling. In order to reduce the input space and increase generalization ability of the system, a feature selection method has been applied to the data. Among available parameters of data, significant parameters have been selected by Decision Tree Learning method. Then, Fuzzy Membership Functions corresponding to these parameters have been defined. Appropriate defining of these functions, we can insinuate factors such as uncertainty on that parameter in computations also. Afterwards, the Fuzzy System has been designed by conditional regulations. It is worth to say that these regulations are optimizedcompletely. In order to ease the process of risk assessment based on this model, software named “Rapid Seismic Risk Evaluation” (RSRE) has been developed. Thus, we have a model that by inputting 7 entrance parameters of a structure (both structural and geotechnical parameters corresponding to existing structure), generates its seismic risk level. The proposed procedure has advantages among the rest we can recount the possibility of modeling uncertainties, inputting structural information qualitative and high speed of risk analysis process. It is clear that using Fuzzy Logic not only lead to more simple formation, but also speed the rate of risk analysis process intensely, that this case is one of the most important advantages of the proposed method. In order to scrutiny of the designed model, various controls have been done. These controls have been tested on different data. Outcome results are representative high accuracy of designed model. Finally, in order to survey the efficiency of proposed procedure, the designed model has been applied to some of Tehran and its suburb school structures and outcome results have been compared with main data real results. Outcome results are representative good efficiency of the method. We should notice that using Fuzzy Concluder Systems lead to speed structure risk analysis and so decision making about various stages of structure rehabilitation is performed with more rate than previous. Thus, use of procedure that proposed in this paper, can has suitable applications in rapid seismic risk evaluation of studied structures in first stage of rehabilitation process.

---

---

Building structures begin to deteriorate once they are built due to harsh environment such as earthquake. To inspect present buildings and bridges following major disastrous events, such as earthquakes and hurricanes is often time-consuming and of high expense. This is also the case in regular operating conditions. Indeed critical members and connections are hidden under cladding and other architectural surface covers. This study aims to propose a novel method for identification of damages occurred in beams based on deflection under static loading. In this paper damage location on a beam is determined using statistical hypothesis testing applied on the deflection of the beam. It is worth mentioning that the statistical hypothesis testing is an appropriate method for statistical inference which can be used to judge a claim concerning an event in regards to different scenarios and possibilities. The statistical claim which would be analyzed is that damage is present among elements of the beam. Deflection of beam as a derivation of stiffness will be utilized here. Hence the basic idea in this study; to locate damages, is behind of calculating the difference between measured and estimated deflection of nodes of each element in both intact and damaged structures. Elements damage can be specified by applying damage index which is defined as D(x). Element’s damages can be judged through the damage index sign in two nodes of every element: The element will be considered damaged if the index is positive for both nodes of middle element or it is positive in only one node of element leading edges of fulcrums. To illustrate the efficiency and robustness of proposed method three different examples are considered. First example is a simple beam with five different scenarios including single and multiple damages. Second example is also presented to show comparison of the proposed method with the study by Abdo [18] and finally third instant is considered for showing reliability of the method in different beam types. For all of the examples, the deflection of damaged beams is recorded via sensors under only one state of static loading and the statistical parameters of the undamaged beams are generated under several static loading. Then by calculation of damage index, we can decide about damage locations. All examples show good performance of the novel method in damage localization. The most important result obtained from these examples is that, the more fine mesh, the better and the more accurate performance of the method. Of course this assertion is more important in the elements leading edges of fulcrums. Further, the performance of this method is demonstrated through damage simulation where the measured data are contaminated with noise and hence to evaluate the stability of the proposed method against various noise levels, scenarios are considered with different such levels.

---

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of drying methods on the amount of some effective compounds in fruit Ecballium elaterium M. Bieb extract based on a completely randomized statistical design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included different drying methods (1- Shade drying at room temperature (25±3°C) with suitable ventilation, 2- Sun drying, 3- Oven drying at 35°C, 4- Oven drying at 45°C, 5- Oven drying at 55°C, 6- Vacuum oven drying at 35°C, 7- Vacuum oven drying at 45°C, 8- Vacuum oven drying at 55°C, 9- Infrared drying at 0.2w, 10- Infrared drying at 0.3w, 11- Infrared drying at 0.4w, 12- Microwave drying at 200w, 13- Microwave drying at 500w, 14- Microwave drying at 800w) which were compared with the fresh fruit of the plant (as a control). The studied traits were total phenols content, total flavonoids content, radical scavenging activity assay, soluble tannin, total amino acids, total soluble protein, total alkaloids, and total cucurbitacin. The results showed that different drying methods had a significant effect on soluble tannin and cucurbitacin content (P≤0.05) and also on other traits (P≤0.01). The highest amount of total phenol and flavonoids was related to fresh plants and then vacuum oven drying at 45 °C, and the highest amount of antioxidant activity and soluble tannin was found in fresh plants and then the vacuum oven drying at 55°C. The highest amount of amino acids was related to fresh plant and then 200 watt microwave treatment and the highest amount of total protein, alkaloids and cucurbitacin was related to fresh plant and then shade treatment.