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The aim of this study is to investigate different risks of e-banking in private and public banks of Iran. Despite the certain benefits, e-banking carries tremendous risks. The major risks that are associated with e-banking are strategic, operational, legal and reputational risks. Security is considered the central operational risk of e-banking. For example; breach of security allowing unauthorized access to customer information can be classified as an operational risk, but it also exposes the bank to legal and reputational risks. The methodology used for this study is Questionnaire (AHP), and statistical software for data collection and analysis. Senior managers and vice-chancellor of private and public banks are the research population. Finally, based on the research findings, a few suggestions will be offered for electronic banks' risk management in public and private banks.   Keywords: Electronic Banking, Strategic Risk, Operational Risk, Reputational Risk, Legal Risk

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Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the major cause of serious life threatening infections in neonates, pregnant women, and other adults with underlying diseases. Capsular polysaccharide typing is a significant way for epidemiological studies of GBS, the pathogenesis, and other studies associated with GBS infections including surveillance programs and vaccine development in future. Molecular serotyping (MS) methods offer more accurate and reliable typing of bacteria. The aim of current study was to differentiate genotypes of clinical GBS isolates based on PCR assay to acquire information about the distribution of GBS types in Hamadan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: A total of 62 clinical GBS strains including vaginal swabs, urine cultures, and blood culture isolates were examined for genotyping using multiplex PCR assay.
Results:Among the 62 GBS isolates examined, all capsular types, except VI, VII, and VIII, were found. Type III was the predominant type with 35 isolates (56.5%), followed by Type V with 11 isolates (17.7%), Type II with 7 isolates (11.3%), Type Ia with 5 isolates (8.1%), and Types Ib and IV with similar prevalence of 2 isolates (3.2%) for each type.
Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that Type III is the predominant type in Hamadan, followed by Types V, II, Ia, Ib, and IV, respectively. Using MS method leads to accurate, sensitive, specific, and fast typing of GBS isolates. The advantages of MS method allow it to analyze various populations and to examine invasive and colonizing isolates in extensive epidemiological studies and surveillance activities. In fact, MS will facilitate the proper formulation of candidate GBS vaccines.

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Mirror for princes is an important stage of political thought development and presenting traditional functions of governance system that writing them have been continued for centuries. The provenance of apparition of the mirror for princes was existence of traditional for of governance, namely autocratic and dictator governances, therefore with formation of modern countries this kind of writing style has expired. Mirror for princes are texts in the context of political operation traditions and desirable approaches of administrating the governance. In Iran and Islamic World this literature tradition has enjoyed a particular popularity. So far many papers and books have been written regarding this literature tradition particularly from viewpoint of political doctrine. However, above paper tries to examine library references through descriptive-analytical method and to examine the philosophy of apparition and development, nature, objectives, features and functions of mirror for princes. Similarly, it is shown that the most important feature of mirror for princes was offering operational plans to governances.

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The movement as known as to occupy Wall Street is a protest against the crisis of capitalism in the modern age. The Wall Street movement that began in New York, has been Inspired similar movements across the world and it was widespread very quickly over to other cities of America and some big cities in Europe. This movement has been relatively diffuse slogans which reflect the goals of the movement. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the slogans of Wall Street movement that was proposed in the Wall street of New York and respectively social networks. The main question proposed in this study is what the nature and type of movement is and what kind of dimensions are included in values and ideologies. This study is done by content Analysis Method, slogans are collected from social networks, news sites and media that covered the movement. The slogans based on protest are divided to four categories the economic, political, social and cultural. The results show that among the 100 slogans, there are 260 themes. 105 (40.38%) themes of slogans focuses on changing the economic sphere. 68 (15/26%) themes are political slogans criticism.18.46 percent of slogans contents shows protest against the social sphere and 15 percent of themes, calling for reform and change in the cultural sphere. Based on the findings of this research, it can be inferred that this movement has more reform character and it is a reaction to the recent crisis of the capitalist system.  

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In the framework of stylistic discourse analysis, literature is a container to express ideas and concepts which are not only relevant to their creator, but also they are in connection with the context in which the text is produced. Yet, literature is the product of discourse where it is developed and all factors like environment, context, cultural issues and dominant ideology of the period in which the specific text is generated affect the growth and visibility of it. In Persian literature, Khorasani style is the product of discourse that its dominant face is full of philosophical thoughts and particularly rationality. This period is influenced by rational thoughts and intellectuality and NaserKhosro's poems, as one of well- known and effective poets and one of the most noticeable representatives of 5^th century literature, is regarded as a dominant sample of this conceptual indicators. Notable point in his poems is the influence of philosophical and religious thoughts, so that a large part of his odes court was devoted to this subject matter. In stylistic layered analysis of this poet's odes, dominant and cultural discourse of Khorasani period in which frequency of philosophical and logical subjects are notable shows specific style of the poet. In this study, based on stylistic layer analysis, in order to specify appearance of dominant- intellectual and cultural discourse of the period in the light of lexical and syntactic style, two layers of vocabulary and syntax of a number of his odes' court are analyzed.
 

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 Kashmir is a geographical region in the north-west of the Indian high mountains of the Himalayas. Kashmiri language is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and the other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri language is a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages. It is due to prolonged contact between Kashmiri and Persian languages from 14^thto 19^thcentury, Persian language has left deep influence of linguistic features and literary styles on Kashmiri language. This influence could be studied in three parts: lexical borrowing, phonological changes and grammatical borrowing. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of Persian language in the valley of Kashmir and Kashmiri language, form the language borrowing perspective by using library resources and previous works to confirm and reveal the cultural ties between Iran and Kashmir from ancient times and in different historical periods. Novelty of the research is to study Persian fundamental influence on the Kashmiri language and suggests that this influence is due to spread of Islam in this region by Muslim (Iranian) mystics and missionaries. Research results indicate that the influence of Persian language, in addition to lexical borrowings, has caused deep changes in the grammatical other constructions of Kashmiri language and if this influence had continued, based upon the reasons mentioned above, perhaps,this language would have been replace with Persian.
 
 
 

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Aims: Fear of falling in the elderly is a significant health problem. This study was aimed to compare the two CBT and Tai Chi exercise methods to reduce the fear of falling among retirees.
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted from December 2018 to October 2019 on elderly retirees who were referred to the Retirees Association at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in Kerman, Iran. A number of 120 elderly people were randomly assigned to Tai Chi, CBT, and control groups (40 retirees/group). The intervention in CBT groups consisted of 16 sessions of 60 to 70 minutes for eight weeks and in Tai Chi groups consisted of 16 sessions of 45 to 60 minutes for eight weeks. The participants in the control group received training on the problems of old age. The self-report scale assessed fear of falling before, one, and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18 using ANOVA and Chi-square tests.
Findings: Before and in the first month after intervention, there was no significant difference between the three groups regarding the total score of fear of falling and its components (p<0.05). In the second month, the total score of fear of falling in the Tai Chi group was 8.95±1.63, the CBT group was 8.6±1.63, and the control group was 7.63±1.36, and there was no significant difference (p=0.147). Also, the most significant difference in the total fear of falling score was between the Tai Chi and the control groups.
Conclusion: Tai Chi and CBT interventions are effective in the fear of falling in the elderly.
 

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Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’s Language Universals.
Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation.The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through interrogative words. By using interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed.
According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “VSO” structures. Additionally, since interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions.
Furthermore, it is recognized that interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “SOV” structures.
 The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the interrogative word of “why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “why” and other elements such as “interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.
 
 

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In the present study, the frequency analysis of a smart sandwich plate is investigated using the finite element method. The sandwich plate is consisted of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) layer between two cross ply composite elastic faces. MRE is a smart material with controllable properties and a short time response when subjected to a magnetic field. This property can be used for improvement of the dynamic behavior of the structure. To model the sandwich plate with MRE layer, a complex shear modules is used to show the pre-‌yield behavior of MRE layer. In this study, effect of imperative parameters are discussed. In the present paper, the effect of different parameters such as applied magnetic field, the stacking sequences of the cross ply laminated faces in the sandwich plate and applying different boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and modal loss factors of the smart sandwich plate with MRE is investigated. The results show that considering special value for magnetic field, the stacking sequences of the composite layers of the sandwich plate and the boundary condition of the sandwich structure can lead to the satisfactory design of the sandwich plate.

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In the Persian language grammar resources, there are disagreements about the matters such as construction of verb from infinitive or infinitive from verb, dividing the verbs into regular and regular verbs, the number of past morphemes, and originality of phonemes "t" or "d" at the end of the present stems; and even sometimes there are "negligence" in the categorization of causative, prayer and imperative verbs as the regular or irregular verbs.  In this article, the views of the syntax authors are criticized through studying the grammar books and articles, and after concluding in each case, a relatively new classification of the construction of the verb is presented under the new titles as follows: "1. Regular verbs;    2. pseudo-regular verbs; 3. Irregular verbs; 3. multi-root verbs". Other major results are as follows: the past stem is constructed during the initial construction of the present; and infinitive is constructed from the past tense of the verb, but after the emergence of infinitive, the stems are usually recited and recalled on the basis of the infinitive. Out of the last two phonemes of the past stem, the originality is with the phoneme “t” and frequency prevalence is with the phoneme “d”.  Today, there are eight past morphemes in Persian language:  -d, -ad, -id, -t, -st, -est, -ist, -oft, Regular verbs include pseudo-verbs, causatives, prayers and imperatives, and a few other delicate points.

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The present paper studies through a sociological approach the women-oriented literary studies (research papers, books, theses, and dissertations) in the field of contemporary fiction from ۱۳۰۰ to ۱۳۹۴. An attempt has also been made to conduct a critical analysis, by examining and providing tables and charts, of research annals, their increasing trend, popular works and writers, researchers' genders, and research approaches. The findings demonstrate that social factors increased the researchers' tendency toward studying the woman-based fiction from late ۱۳۸۰s. Simin Daneshvar, Zoya Pirzad, and the novels Savushun and I Will Turn Off the Lights have attracted the most researchers' attention, and the number of male researches is higher than that of the female researchers. Sociological, feminist, and psychological criticisms are the primary approaches, and dealing with such issues as patriarchy, feminine identity loss, gender discrimination, violence against women the secondary approaches of the studies. The approaches used indicate that the portrayal of woman in contemporary literary studies, although having become more accurate, is still unpleasant and the values have been ignored.

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Islamic mysticism developed in Persia, had reached Al-Andalus as an important cultural element, after the dominance of earlier centuries. This article wants to answer the question that if Iranian Sufis' works, especially the Persian ones, has been any impacts on Andalusian Mysticism, based on historical and comparative researching. The results show that great Andalucian Sufis such as Ibn- Massarra, Ibn- Arabi and Ibn- Abbad of Ronda aimed this school to grow up by taking effect from the eastern Sufis' – especially Iranians' – thoughts and books. Their works had a great impact on medieval-age Spain, so that even "La Reconquista" could not eliminate Islamic-Iranian mysticism from the Spanish culture.  The famous Spanish priest, San Juan de la Cruz, in his poems shows an obvious tendency to Persian mystical works. Common images and themes between Iranian Sufis and San Juan may lead one to find a historical relation among them.

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The main problem of industrial cake production is microbial and chemical corruption that reduce the cake expiry period. One of the preservation method is using the synthetic preservatives. Nowadays, the customers understand these protective agents have several side effects on the health, so recently, it is tried to exchange the chemical antioxidants with the natural ones. Two groups of the naturals are flavonoids and phenolic acids which exist in the vegetables and fruit. Grape is a big natural source of phenolic compounds. Therefore, in the present study antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of grape seeds extract were investigated and followed by evaluation of sensory characteristics in sponge cake. According to the results, grape seed showed significant effects on improving sensory and physical characteristics of the sponge cake. Also measuring the chemical properties of the sponge cake proves the extract antioxidant activities. The grape extract exhibited the best antioxidant effect at a concentration of 3200 ppm. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were 1 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Sensory properties including color, texture, taste, smell, and overall acceptability showed that using 0.2% (w/w) of the grape seed extract in the sponge cake formulation improves its sensory properties.

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Nowadays thin-walled tube rotary draw bending in small bending ratio is a production process widely used in advanced industries such as aerospace and automotive. Cross section ovality, wall thickness changing during tube bending are the main inevitable defects in this process. The purpose of this research is to obtain the smallest bending ratio and maximum pressure applicable in hydro-rotary draw bending of thin-walled aluminum alloy 8112 tube using failure criterion. For this purpose, the equivalent plastic strain at the critical extrados region used for necking prediction. Concluded results showed that this failure criterion by a maximum difference of 12.5% from experimental tests, is a useful method for predicting the necking onset in the bending process. Moreover, the effects of bending ratio and internal pressure on the defects such as cross section ovality and thickness changing are investigated with simulation in the ABAQUS software and experimental methods. The maximum ovality is not located at the mid-cross section of bent tube unexpectedly and regardless of the internal pressure and bending ratio, occurs at the cross-section with an angle of approximately θ=33°. The minimum achievable amounts of ovality at R/D1.6, R/D1.8 and R/D2 were 11.42%, 7.72% and 4.35% respectively. Furthermore, bending ratio and internal pressure had noticeable effects on the cross section of the bent tubes, so that as the bending ratio or pressure increased, cross-section ovality and the thickening of the tube wall at the intrados decreased, but contrary to bending ratio, as the internal pressure increased, extrados thinning increased.

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     Option contract is one of the financial derivatives used to manage and control risk. Some doubts have affected its application and usefulness in Islamic financial markets. On some grounds such as wagering on future prices, jeopardizing the capital and acquisition of a windfall wealth, the lack of intention by parties to create a legally binding contract, and the lack of legitimate cause for acquisition, etc., the critics regard the contract as gambling and a void one. This article shall, by contrasting the option contract with gamble in Iranian and English legal systems, conclude that these doubts derive from the characteristics peculiar to option contract, on the one hand, and from the critics’ in acquaintance with option contract and gamble, on the other. Therefore, the similarities between them are only superficial, and the two contracts differ materially from many aspects such as their nature, subject-matter, function, purpose and rules.         
  

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The main objective is to improve Hilbert-Huang transform using the advantages of non-linear entropy-based features in the time and frequency domain to reduce noise effects. In addition, applying appropriate entropy-based features lead to restrict information redundancy and overcome the need for dimension reduction, in the fault detection of a rotating system. To modify the Hilbert-Huang method, the effect of added noise on various types of nonlinear entropy-based features is investigated for each intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) which extracted by ensemble empirical mode decomposition algorithm. Considering the approximate entropy (ApEn) sensitivity to noise, an evaluation index is presented for selecting the proper amplitude of the added noise based on the approximate entropy and mutual information coefficient of the different IMFs. Subsequently, taking into account the high capability of permutation entropy (PeEn) and marginal Hilbert spectrum entropy (MHE) in the signal characteristic, a threshold is determined for fault detection based on their values associated to the main IMF which has the highest value of mutual information coefficient. As a result, the permutation entropy values and marginal Hilbert spectrum entropy of the main IMF can be used for detection of any deviation from normal operation of the rotor bearings system, regardless of the fault type. Consequently, to determine the type of defect, the higher-order spectra have been used.The bi-spectrum of envelope is calculated. This bi-spectrum is employed to identify the coupling between the rotating frequency and fault-characteristic frequencies, for misalignment and unbalanced fault diagnosis of a rotating machinery vibration simulation system

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One of the motives of the love poems is "Death of Lovers". In these texts, the poet uses his art to describe the death of the hero as a memorable event. This descriptive-analytical study answers the questions of how the basis of the death of lovers in Persian love poems can be classified and what role does each of its subspecies play in the narration of the story? For this purpose, the book "One Hundred Persian Love Poems" (Zolfaghari, 1394) was the basis of the work and it was concluded that three types of death (natural, suicide and murder) with subtypes and causes, have occurred for lovers.

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Theory of mental spaces is a theory derived from the theory of possible worlds. This theory and its derived theory, conceptual blending, are useful tools for text analysis in the field of cognitive poetics. The purpose of this study is to investigate how these theories encounter Persian poetry. To examine the application of these theories in the analysis of Persian poetry, we first discuss their philosophical aspects and theoretical foundations, and then test how they work in a lyric by Saadi. The results of the present study show that the theory of mental spaces, despite its generally appropriate function, in some positions such as allegorical structures, does not have the necessary efficiency in semantic analysis of poetry and in such circumstances, the theory derived from that, theory of conceptual blending, can cover the functional vacuum. We have also shown that the theory of mental spaces is a tool that explains and analyzes the linguistic nature of ambiguity, as one of the most important elements of rhetoric in poetry.