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Learners’ classroom involvement is thought to be highly influential in their academic success in that highly involved learners typically invest more time and energy in acquiring course content. For this reason, the predictors and determinants of learners’ classroom involvement have been highly attended to by educational researchers. Nonetheless, the predicting role of teachers’ emotional competencies like compassion and empathy has rarely been researched. Furthermore, to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, no theoretical review has looked into the concurrent impacts of teachers’ compassion and empathy on EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners’ classroom involvement. To address this lacuna, the current theoretical review aimed to explicate the effects of these two emotional competencies on EFL learners’ classroom involvement. The desirable effects of teachers’ compassion and empathy on EFL learners’ involvement were demonstrated using theoretical and empirical evidence. The implications of the present review’s findings are thoroughly discussed.

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Contemporary literature in English language teaching shows some impacts of oral narrations on learners’ speaking competence and phonological processing. However, little research has explored the relationship between this methodological practice and young learners’ L2 reading comprehension. This paper investigates the effect which story retelling has on young English learners’comprehension of reading. The researchers employed quantitative and qualitative approaches. Forty children were chosen from two different classes of a comparable level of proficiency and assigned into two groups for a two-month treatment. The results show that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the reading comprehension posttest. The questionnaire and observation data also indicated that the children responded positively to story retelling and that story retelling brought about excitement in the reading class, motivated young learners to read as well as shaped young learners’ behaviours and attitudes. This study suggests using story retelling more often in L2 language programs for young learners.

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The present research explores the trajectory of changing emotions throughout the lifelong experience of English language learning and language use among English-as-an-Additional-Language (EAL) students at a Vietnamese university. It employs a qualitatively-driven mixed methods research design with two phases of data collection using initial and exploratory self-designed questionnaires, followed by semi-structured interviews and reflective journals. The quantitative data, collected from English majored students aimed to capture the range of emotions the participants experienced in speaking English. The qualitative data, collected from the students recruited from the questionnaire phase, revealed the complexity and dynamism of their emotions in the process of language learning and use. The findings show that the participants experienced shifting emotions across the different contexts of language learning, including school, out-of-school, and tertiary contexts. The emotions were seen to be dynamic, socially and contextually constructed, emerging from their social circumstances and interaction with others. They were interwoven with self-concept, language learning success, perceived standing in different communities, and relationships with others. The results also provide theoretical and practical implications for emotion research and pedagogies of EAL teaching and learning.
 

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This qualitative study examined the beliefs of Vietnamese primary teachers regarding writing instruction. The participants included 12 in-service teachers from five primary schools in a large city in Vietnam. The data consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data showed several interesting insights into the teachers' beliefs about writing instruction for young learners and the challenges they faced in their classroom teaching. All the participating teachers believed that writing was very important for primary school learners, and teaching writing was one of the key tasks for primary school teachers. The teachers considered that students' lack of life experiences and creativeness was the most considerable challenge in teaching writing, but they faced several practical constraints in helping students overcome the difficulties. Notably, the teachers were supportive of methods to enhance the creativeness and emotions in students' writing, but they reported using model texts in teaching frequently. The socio-cultural contexts of teaching and learning were taken into account in the interpretation of the findings. This study is the first step to inform professional development programs and pedagogy to enhance the effectiveness of teaching writing skills to young learners at primary schools in Vietnam, and beyond.

 

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The purpose of this research was to study the antimicrobial activities of the endophytic fungi from Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. The endophytic fungi were isolated from branches and leaves of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers., and sixty nine isolates were obtained. All isolates were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The indicator organisms were 4 bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, two yeasts, namely, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and 6 molds including Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Curvularia spp.,and Alternaria spp.. It was found that 28 and 16 isolates showed antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, respectively. Also, 11 and 17 isolates showed antifungal activity against yeasts and hyaline non-septate hyphae, respectively. Besides, 13 and 65 isolates showed antifungal activity against hyaline septate and dematiaceous, respectively. There were 9 isolates that could inhibit bacteria, yeast, and molds. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the fungal morphology revealed that most of the endophytic fungi (25 isolates) were hyaline septate hyphae. Only 3 isolates were hyaline non-septate hyphae. Fusarium spp. and Acremonium spp. were the predominate species among the isolated endophytic fungi. These results indicated that some endophytic fungi isolated from Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. were potential sources of antimicrobial compounds against the tested bacteria, yeasts, and molds.

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The existing studies of threshing process of combine harvesters adopt the assumption of constant mass, which is contradictory to the phenomenon of separation of grains and short stalks in actual threshing process. Therefore, the characteristics of threshing and separation are not accurately described. Aiming at this problem, this study established the tangential-longitudinal threshing and separation test-bed with tangential-flow device, auxiliary feed beater, and longitudinal-flow device of tangential-longitudinal-flow combine harvester and conducted experiments and analysis of rice threshing with feed rates of 5, 6, and 7 kg s^-1. The results showed that the changes in rates of material flow along the arc-length of concave in tangential-flow device and longitudinal-flow device were equal to the changes in rates of material density with time. In the process of variable-mass and constant-mass rice threshing, when the feeding rates were 5, 6, and 7 kg s^-1 in the test-bed, the flow rates from the tangential-flow device were 4.07, 5.01, and 5.95 kg s^-1, respectively. The average power consumption of the tangential-flow drum in variable mass threshing process was higher than that in the constant mass threshing process by 2.16, 2.73, and 3.09kW, respectively. The flow rate at the outlet of the longitudinal-flow device was 3.34, 4.04, and 4.72 kg s^-1, respectively. The average power consumption rate of the longitudinal-flow drum in variable mass threshing process was lower than that in the constant mass threshing process by 7.32, 10.44, and 12.17kW, respectively. The results of material flow rate and power consumption would offer the basis for the design of longitudinal-tangential flow threshing and separation device.

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The effects of banana continuous cropping on soil quality and chemical properties and crop yield were investigated under continuous cropping for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years in Hainan province, China. The results indicated that the contents of total N, total K, available K, NH₄-N, exchangeable Ca, and available Cu tended to increase, while total organic C (TOC), available S, and available Zn tended to decrease with the increase of continuous cropping years at the four sampling stages. The contents of exchangeable Mg and available Fe and Mn were higher in the 3, 5, 7, and 10 years than in the 1 and 15 years at the four sampling stages. The values of pH, the contents of total P and available P decreased from 1 to 5 years and increased from 7 to 15 years at most of the sampling stages. Overall, average banana yield increased from 1 to 3 years and decreased afterwards. In conclusion, banana continuous cropping deteriorated soil quality as evidenced by increase of soil acidity, decrease of total organic C, accumulation of N, P, K, Ca and Cu, deficiency of Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Zn and accompanying decline in banana yield. In order to improve the soil environment and sustain higher productivity under continuous-banana cropping system, application of balanced rate of fertilizers is of considerable importance.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of chronic gamma irradiation on growth and biochemical characteristics of wheat. Wheat plants were exposed to a ⁶⁰Co gamma rays at doses ranging from 10 to 150 Gy for 3 weeks. Our results indicate that irradiation at 10–15 Gy enhanced plant growth as compared to non-irradiated wheat, while at high doses (>20 Gy) a significant decrease in wheat height was recorded. APX and CAT transcript levels were higher in plant irradiated at 12.5 Gy than in the controls. Also, the enzyme activities of APX and CAT and POD were increased by 12.5 Gy gamma irradiation. Chronic irradiation caused an increase in the total anthocyanin content. To assess whether anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were involved in the response to chronic gamma irradiation in wheat plants, we examined their expression under different doses of gamma rays. Levels of F3H, DFR, ANS transcripts increased due to chronic gamma irradiation, whereas CHS and CHI expression decreased. Total anthocyanin contents significantly increased after chronic irradiation. Furthermore, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) revealed that cyanidin 3-glucoside, one of the anthocyanin compounds, rapidly increased in wheat plants after chronic gamma irradiation. This study demonstrated that the growth of wheat plants and markers of biochemical activity were negatively influenced by chronic gamma irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, although low-dose radiation showed stimulatory effects. Results from this study are very useful for future chronic gamma irradiation studies for the improvement of wheat varieties.

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Scientific measurement of Agricultural Carbon Emissions (ACE) and its formation mechanism is of great significance for the effective formulation of high-quality agricultural development strategies. Therefore, the objectives were to study the characteristics of ACE, its formation mechanism, and its economic relevance in Chongqing by adopting the IPCC and 1997-2019 data, and with LMDI index and Decoupling index. The empirical analysis shows that the total ACE presents an M-shaped trend of "rising-steady fluctuation-falling". Energy structure, energy intensity, and population size have a negative driving effect on ACE, but economic activity is the main factor. The decoupling elasticity characteristics of ACE and economic growth are mainly weak decoupling and strong decoupling, of which the relationship is significantly coordinate. Therefore, to consolidate and enhance the goal of ACE reduction, it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of agricultural low-carbon production technology and promotion. We will continue to deepen supply-side structural reform in agriculture. We will improve the ecological environment in agriculture and rural areas.

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The negative impact of excessive fertilization on the sustainable development of agriculture has become the focus of universal attention. Thus, the aim is to maximize the yield of rice without imposing too much damage on the environment. This paper uses data regression analysis based on the statistical data (from 1990 to 2020) of a certain region to explore the impact of fertilizer application on rice yield, and adopts the sensitivity analysis to study the sensitivity of rice yield to the applied amount of chemical fertilizer. The results show that the average rice yield increased with increasing Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers application within the statistical data range; while the average rice yield decreased as Phosphorus (P) fertilizer application increased. Simultaneously, increasing the application of N and K fertilizers improved the average rice yield. Reducing the amount of P fertilizer and increasing the proportion of K fertilizer positively affected the average rice yield. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the average rice yield was most sensitive to K application amount. The sensitivity value maximized at a small amount of N fertilizer (11.25 kg hm^-2) and a large amount of P fertilizer (6 kg hm^-2). The findings reveal the interactive effect of multiple fertilizer application rates on grain yield and address the unclear mechanism of single fertilizer application on grain yield in the existing research. This paper provides a theoretical basis for scientific fertilizer use, agricultural quality, efficiency improvement, and sustainable development of agriculture.