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Archaeology with the help of other sciences in this era has been applied to solve the ancient environment and settlement of ancient sites. On the other hand, the high expenditure of interdisciplinary research for solving the environmental archaeology research takes less attention in the field of archaeological science. Meanwhile, chemical analysis, which gives information about the depth of soil in archaeological sites, needs suitable laboratory methods that, can provide much helpfal data to recognize the archaeological layers. These data also helped us to find the exact place of archaeological settlement in the Shusthar plain. Archaeological dating showed that the Shushtar plain was occupied in last phase of Holocene seven thousands before by the seasonally migrating people. In this article, the use of XRF chemical spectroscopy with AMS dating guided us to construct the ancient environment and environment development in the Shushtar plain in the Holocene period?

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To determine ancient seed species, 3250-3450 year-old charred seeds obtained from different Iranian archaeological sites were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and molecular analysis. SEM analysis of ancient seeds revealed that the surface of the seeds was damaged. Therefore, we could not accurately identify their species. Molecular analysis on ancient specimens was done on different samples obtained from Masjede Kabood (Tabriz), Tepe Rahmat Abad (Pasargad) and Tepe Sagz Abad (Qazvin plain). The specific primer pairs were designed based on a part of the promoter region of the High Molecular Weight (HMW) glutenin gene and a short fragment of the vrs1 gene were verified on samples of modern wheat and barley varieties, respectively. The designated primers failed to amplify ancient DNAs (aDNAs) obtained from Masjede Kabood and Tepe Rahmat Abad, but successfully amplified the aDNA obtained from Tepe Sagz Abad. This finding was expected since the latter seeds had a better morphological preservation in comparison to the former ones. The accuracy of the amplified products was further proved by cloning and sequencing.