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Ozone is a powerful oxidant capable of killing insects and microorganisms and has been used in the food processing industry in the gaseous and aqueous states. In a laboratory study, the susceptibility of immature stages of an important stored-product pest, the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner to ozonated water was investigated. Ozone was applied in aqueous form at four concentrations (0, 2, 3 and 5 ppm) for four different periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on eggs, larvae and pupae of, P. interpunctella. The results indicated that in all tested stages, the rate of mortality increased with increasing of concentration and exposure time. This study showed that 5-day old larvae were more susceptible than other stages (12-, 17-day old larvae, pupae and eggs) when exposed to 5 ppm ozone for 120 min. Following 5-day old larvae, 12-day old larvae, 17-day old larvae and pupae had the highest sensitivity to ozonation. At the highest concentration of ozone for the longest time, the least mortality rate was recorded for one day old eggs. According to these preliminary results, ozonated water has potential of reducing population density of P. interpunctella, one of the most important pests of dried fruits such as date, almond and pistachio, in storage.

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Objective: Inhibition of apoptosis may favor the onset and progression of cancer. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis that has been considered as a potential marker for diagnostic and/or prognostic of bladder cancer. The survivin protein regulates both cell division and cell death and is overexpressed in the vast majority of human cancers. In this study, the expression pattern and potential prognostic value of survivin was assessed in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples of bladder tumor. Materials and Methods:FFPE samples, from patients with a well-known five-year survival record, were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique. 51 samples from 30 patients were analyzed on the basis of Survivin expression. Tissue distribution and subcellular localization of survivin protein in tumor tissues was also examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The expression of survivin was detected in 66.6% of the samples, with an increase of expression in higher grades of tumor. Furthermore, survivin was overexpressed in 2nd and 3rd recurrences of the same patients. Also, with the increased malignancy and accordingly increased expression of surviving, the overall 5-year survival rate of patients was significantly declined (P=0.036). IHC results also localized a nuclear localization for Survivin protein in tumor tissues. Conclusion: In conclusion, we were able to detect the expression of survivin in FFPE samples of bladder tissues, at the level of mRNA and protein and find a correlation between the level of Survivin expression and the degree of malignancy of the tumors. Our findings introduce Survivin as a suitable prognostic marker for predicting the bladder tumors.

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Difficulties of the legal language is something that everyone has heard something about that and may have ideas about the problem. It is being said that the way to solve the problem with the legal language is that we try to write the articles of the codes in an easy language and method and to use editing instruments. From a linguistic point of view it is not just the matter of easy writing but it is a problem which needs some basic theoretical hypothesis to show us a scientific method to deal with the problem. In this study, subject matter analysis is done through the functional approach as proposed and outlined in Halliday’s approach. The author believes that it is not enough to consider the linguistic character of the articles of the legal codes or the texts of law, but we needs to consider instead the communicative aspects and the way the legislator convey the massage.
This paper aims to study how the Criminal Procedure Code of Iran to convey meaning and to communicate and transfer message to the audience based on Halliday’s functionalism regarding communicative and functional roles of language.  Based on that approach, the Code is expected to communicate with the audience and convey meaning and message through a variety of linguistic functions. Each article in the code contains a variety of actions and topics which the legislator tries to convey to the audience using linguistic and metalinguistic factors. In this paper an attempt is made to represent the three experimental, interpersonal and textual metafunctions in the articles of the Code.
Legal mechanisms, expressed through language propositions, are subordinate to the contextual and structural requirements of language for meaning. Functional theory defines three metafunctions as contextual and structural requirements for expressing any linguistic contents. To consider the empirical-logical, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions is necessary to analyze the difficulties of the legal language in general and the language of the law in special. The key question is: what is this difficulty? The functional hypothesis is that this difficulty lies in the way information is presented by the text and in the way the text to communicate. By focusing on Articles 1 to 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013, The present paper showed that in these articles, passive structure of the verb, substitution of the subject with the abstract expressions and conversion of concrete verbs to ideational create a huge amount of interpretation imposed on the reader. It has implicated the role of judicial authorities in the exercise of power in the form of constructive and empirical and material constituent elements in cases where they must be held accountable. This form of information gives a dominant position to the judicial authorities against the accused in contrast with the protection of civil rights enshrined in Article 7.
Findings confirmed the desirable performance of the functional theory in the field of the articles of the Code. Halliday’s Functionalism shows that the main problem in respect with the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code is not just restricted to the linguistic features but the main problem arises from the communicative strategies which the legislator uses to convey meaning to the audience. In this way the interpretive implications have the most parasitic role which do not let the audience easily communicate and direct with the message being conveyed. The results of this study showed that a proper packaging of Information, regarding the functional aspects, is a useful way to achieve the goals of an easy writing movements too. Proper packaging of information, will help us resolve the difficulties in both sides of writing and communicating.

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Previous research have considered presupposed knowledge as a communicational difficulty in conceiving the meaning of the articles of the legal cods by the reader / addressee. The main question is this: to which extent is the scope of the presumed knowledge? The hypothesis in this research, based on the functional grammar approach, is that the scope of presumed knowledge extends to the extent that in-text and out-of-text references expand the scope of text and meaning. We, in implementation, based on some selective and incidental articles from the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP), have followed the scope of their references in order to discover its in-text and out-of-text network. The research results show that the domain of presumed knowledge, networked, includes all law codes, legal texts, legal theories, judicial structure, and related knowledge. The following types of references continuously delay the meaning of the clause and article to the last frontiers of presupposed knowledge: explicit references (in-text and out-of-text), implicit references (in-text and out-of-text) including: heterogeneous references, concurrent references, iterative references, and negative reference. Heterogeneous references show that criminal laws (Code of Criminal Procedure, Penal Code, and other criminal codes) focus on the "crime" as the core signifier reflecting the network of knowledge which is presupposed. The results show that any reference, even explicit reference, creates a level of communication complexity and becomes more difficult when the articles, rules, and texts refer to each other back and forth.
 

1. Introduction

Law articles are often known for their complexity and difficulty (incomprehensibility), having specialized words, long sentences, etc. that have been mentioned as factors for this complexity and difficulty. Even in places where the text of the article has no difficulty in terms of words and has a very simple syntax, the inability of readers to understand these texts is reported. It seems that the global simplification movement has not been very effective in solving the problem so far.
Hatefi (2020) examines the difficulty of legal language by focusing on Articles 1 to 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, within the framework of Halliday's Functional Grammar, and considers the greatest difficulty in the language of law to be due to the implicit knowledge that the legislature places on presuppositions. It forces the reader to receive the clauses of the articles through implicit interpretation. The main question is what the scope of the presupposed knowledge is? The research hypothesis, based on the Systemic Functional Grammar, is that the scope of presupposed knowledge extends to the extent that in-text and out-of-text references expand the scope of text and meaning.

2. Literature review

In analyzing the difficulty and complexity of the legal language in general, and the language of the codes in particular, there are two approaches: the traditional approach and the modern approach. The traditional approach in examining the difficulty of legal language focuses on words (Habibi, 1995; Mirbabaei, 2012; Salehi Rad, 2012). The modern approach pays attention to syntactic difficulties and tries theoretical approaches to examine the difficulty of the language of law (Crandall & Charrow, 2000; Gibbons, 2003; Tiersma, 1999). In addition to the lexical aspects, they also consider two grammatical and semantic aspects with respect to the difficulty of legal language. Syntactic features such as having long and complex sentences, excessive use of unknown construction, indefinite reference of pronouns, repeated negation, nomenclature, and use of reference letters or punctuation were also taken into account. Latifikhah (2002) and Roshan & Behboodi (2009) have mentioned compound sentences, impersonal constructions, unknown constructions, and follower constructions as difficult factors in legal language. Hatefi (2020) examines the difficulty of legal language by focusing on Articles 1 to 7 of the Code of Civil Procedure, within the framework of Halliday's Functional Grammar, and considers the greatest difficulty in the language of law to be due to the added presupposed knowledge that the legislature burden on the reader and forces him/his to receive the text of the articles by implicit interpretation. The novelty of the present study is that it reveals the scope of presupposed knowledge taken in the text of the law and the different methods of presupposing and interpreting it.

3. Methodology

 The present article has chosen the Code of Criminal Procedure as the main corpus in research. In the process of analysis, I will first randomly select some articles of this act by the discussion, and then, by following the path of references in the text of the code and other codes and sources, I will add to it. The theory and method of analysis in this paper is Systemic Functional Grammar. From a functional point of view, language is a system of communication. According to the Systemic Functional Grammar, form and structure serve the role of communication, and everything is explained by reference to the communicative and functional role of language (Halliday, 1994: xiii).

4. Results

The results of the research showed that any reference, even explicit reference, has a suspensive role in the meaning of the paragraph, and therefore, as in-text and extra-text references are added, the scope of the text becomes more open and the reader becomes more confused to communicate with the text. The present study shows that in teaching and reading the articles of the code, the reader should receive each concept in a network by linking each article of the code with other articles of that code and with all the legal knowledge. This connection becomes more difficult when articles, codes, and texts refer to each other back and forth. The scope of references indicates the scope of presupposed knowledge for understanding the Code of Criminal Procedure and any legal text, including all laws and legal sources. Within the reference network of criminal law, the concept of "crime" as a central signifier is at the center of the reference and knowledge network. References through repetition, concurrency, negative references, and heterogeneous references are implicit referencing methods that impose more complexity on the reader's relationship to the text of the code. Therefore, in order to reduce the difficulty and complexity of the reader's relationship with the text of criminal law, it is better for the legislator to separate the clauses arising from the two disciplines of crime (criminology) and punishment as much as possible by providing a clear representation of the meaning of crime.
 

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The human need to energy is increasing constantly and fossil energy sources is decreasing. The indiscriminate use of fossil fuels pollute the environment and threaten life on Earth. Today in addition to modifying consumption, use of renewable energy is one of the ways to solve the energy crisis. The Solar energy is one of the renewable energies. In this study the application of GIS in the Assessment of using solar energy to supply lighting systems of Highway Zanjan - Tabriz by function of Solar Analyst has been studied. In this article, the DEM ASTER satellite’s data of the study area in the Arc GIS software were used to calculate the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface for six months (May and October).The results of this investigation showed that the study area due to variation of topography has different surface radiation and confirmed the possibility of using solar photovoltaic systems to supply lighting systems of Highway Zanjan - Tabriz. In the matter of the most important factor which affects the received radiation to surface, function of Solar Analyst has the most correlation with the height and the lowest correlation with the slope aspect.  

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Therefore, our main question is what semiotic model can be sought in the context of these philosophical theories, what is the evolutionary relationship of these models with each other and what is the relationship between the Iranian semiotic model and the West.
The findings show in the Iranian philosophical tradition, in the heritage of Farabi and Avicenna, an epistemic system which has roots in Aristotelian and Neoplatonic thinking based on rational presupposition of priori categories. To them, the beginning of the sign is where the active intellect adapts the forms of a prior art imaginable to material matters. As a result, Farabi and Avicenna represent a semiotic system in a modern sense. But Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra introduce an evolutionary epistemic system, indicating the beginning of the abstract movement of the thinkers. This theory is similar to the ideas of the Renaissance in Europe and adapts to the modernist theories of semiotics. According Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra, there are no selfsame signs. In their semiotics, except by the mind, the sign cannot reach the field of creativity and semantic interpretation. For them, the sign flows through the steady evolution of sensory differentiation into abstract and collective space. We show in his paper the usefulness of this implicit semiotics as a method for textual analyzing by analyzing a visual-verbal literary text.