Search published articles
Showing 22 results for Haq
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Virtual platforms can be an effective tool for evaluating students' performance. However, their success depends on the effective use of digital tools, teacher preparedness, and the adoption of appropriate communication approaches. The current research aimed at scrutinizing the relation between the digital competencies of English Language Teachers (ELT) of three Universities of Misan, Baghdad, and Mustansiriyah with the usage of digital tools for distance teaching during the contingency of COVID-19 in the academic year 2020-2021. The study is a quantitative type accompanied with a correlational scope and a non-experimental cross-sectional design. 98 ELT teachers participated in the study. Two instruments were applied to carry out the gathering of information; these instruments were Likert surveys sent through Google Forms, one had 17 items and was aimed to measure the use of the digital tools, while the other had 20 items and was aimed to measure the digital competencies. The overall conclusions of the study revealed the existence of a strong positive correlation between the level of digital competencies and the use of digital tools in the professors of the University of Misan, University of Baghdad, and University of Mustansiriyah, the professors of these schools mentioned a strong trend to always use the digital tools in their pedagogical tasks. The differences found probably were influenced by other variables that are not part of the target in this study such as age, working experience, among others.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Summer 2014)
Abstract
The title of the story is the threshold to the mysterious world of the text. Thus it must be selected artistically to show the quality of the text, despite its quantity and restrictions. Sometimes, the title sheds light on the world of the text and lights the text`s whole material, but sometimes, it hides the text and the reader does not resieve any sign of it. It makes a tension in the mind of the reader to draw him/her to the text, and makes him/her to arrange his/her disturbed mind by reading the text and finding the meaning of it. This research is aims to investing ate the most important textual and extra textual factors, which are efficient in choosing the title of Sadeq Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer`s works, and study the structure and context of the titles and their relation with intra-textual and extra-textual factors that are used to hide the meaning of the text. have several res sons. Attracting the reader and closed political conditions (extra-textual factors) are the main reasons. These titles show the familiarity of the two writers with rhetorical devices. Also they are the reflection of the difficulties and hard conditions of the people`s life and the writer`s current cultures.
Volume 3, Issue 4 (Fall 2023)
Abstract
What is called language? In the history of Western philosophy, we have different answers to this question. However, according to Wittgenstein and Gadamer, these different answers are basically similar, and both criticize this basic approach. Gadamer refers to the history of Western philosophy as the history of forgetfulness of language. But he regards Augustine as an exception in this history; for Gadamer, Augustine has appreciated the central status of language and the vital relation between language and thought through his idea of the inner word. However, Wittgenstein introduces Augustine as the main agent of the basic approach of Western philosophy to language, raising his criticisms of this basic approach by objecting to Augustine's claims. In this article, I review these two different interpretations and think about the possibility of making an affinity and compromise between Gadamer's narration of Augustine's idea of the inner word and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language.
Volume 6, Issue 20 (6-2018)
Abstract
Volume 6, Issue 21 (9-2018)
Abstract
Amir Arsalan is one of the most important and popular Persian epics and one of the first works which manifests the signs of the transformation from story to novel in Persian prose. Although Amir Arsalan is regarded as a modern text and so many valuable studies are carried out on it, it still seems necessary to discuss the name of the story teller as well as the year this story emerged.Furthermore, many researchers believe that a few years earlier the emergence of Amir Arsalan, the first Persian novels were translated and published, and hence it is believed that these signs of transformation emerged under the influence of novel. The present study consists of two parts: the first part addresses the story teller and the time this story emerged and it is tried to shed light on the dark aspects of this attribution and date the emergence year of this work more precisely. After eliminating these ambiguities, the cultural space of the time Amir Arsalan emerged is addressed regarding the printing industry and it is attempted to introduce translated novels and plays along with travel memoirs which were written in Persian so as to investigate the likelihood of the familiarity of the story teller with these genres. Following this path, a more coherent and precise picture of the story teller and the cultural space of the emergence time of this story will be drawn.
Volume 7, Issue 25 (5-2019)
Abstract
Shirin and Farhad collection; the Kurdish version of Nezami’s original work by Mam Ahmad Lotfi is one of the popular examples of this genre. This work has a simple and fluid language, which narrates the history of Shirin and Farhad with a legendary structure. In the Kurdish version, with the exception of the names of the characters, the main course of events and the general framework of the story are different. The story of this poem is based on the evaluation of the myth content of the subcategory of legends in which a dragon catches a girl until rescued by her hero. Nevertheless, the comparative study of both poems from the viewpoint of the mythological manifestations indicates the infrastructure and the common theme of these works. Thus, Khosrow (in Khosrow and Shirin) and Farhad (in the Kurdish version) are considered the martyred god of fertility, with the difference that in the Kurdish version, Farhad, like the other gods of fertility, has no resurrection. In both stories, Shirin plays the role of goddess of fertility and love in different ways. The subject and function of the myth of fertility historically represent the period of agriculture and philosophically reflect the resurrection of man in the other world.
Volume 8, Issue 1 (No. 8 (Tome 36), (Articles in Persian) 2017)
Abstract
Today, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses are widely applied by literature researchers and experts as principal methods in understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Taking syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses into consideration, this research seeks to explore the explicit and implicit meanings of the Arabic term (Doon), literally translated as “other than, instead of, besides, and apart from”, in the Holy Quran. It also aims to determine how much attention Quran translators have paid to the meanings of the term and in transferring them into the target language, namely Persian. The study, conducted based on structural semantics and using descriptive –analytic research methodology, has found that the term "دون" (Doon) has various meanings and functions in the Holy Quran, but in some cases, translators have failed to render them correctly. The original meaning of the term is “other than and inferior” which is seen almost in all phrases and lexical combinations in the Holy Book. Therefore, for instance, the phrase "من دون الله", which has been transplanted as “other than, besides and apart from Allah” in famous translations, can be rendered as “[someone/something] other as Allah that is inferior”. فرودِ" (Inferior)" or از فرودِ" (Inferior to)" have been used as equivalents to "دون" (Doon) in old Persian translations of the Quran which closely correspond with the denotation of the Arabic word ,since they contain both the sense of “other than” and “inferior”. However, "دون" (Doon) can bear different meanings in different contexts.
Volume 9, Issue 42 (12-2021)
Abstract
Review of the Literature
There are some studies on the proverbs and anecdotes of the Baluchi language, some of which are written by Dor Mohammad Kord (2010) Sepahi and Mir Baluchzai (2013) Keshavarz (2015), and Rakhshani (2004).
Regarding the analysis of proverbs, Jahandideh (2018) has dealt with the semiotic analysis of those famous Baluchi proverbs in which animals played a symbolic role. Porki (2021) has studied the pathology of cultural issues of the Baluch people based on parables in three parts: individual, family, and society. Outside Iran, we can refer to the book Bethel, Gashten, Pejdanak O Ghent, written by Rashid Khan (2010). This book analyzes the etymology and history of some of the famous Baluchi proverbs in all areas of Baluchi dialect. Loghman (2010) comparatively examines Baluchi and English proverbs and has also written a brief introduction to the anthropological and linguistic function of the Baluchi proverbs in a book entitled Bettel, The Rabidge of Benzene Fever.
Research method
In the present study, the authors have tried to analyze the social structure and ritual codes of some of the Sarhadi Baluchi's proverbs with the people-oriented approach of Michael Borawy; this is because "by knowing and being familiar with proverbs, and recording them, one can have access to a pure ethnic culture, which has its own social structures and ancient values" (Rakhshani, 2004, pp. 2-4). The focus of the present study is the "Sarhad" region of Baluchistan in Iran and the "Sarhadi dialect" of the Baluchi language. The present article follows field study through library research.
Theoretical foundations
Michael Borawy (born 1947) is an English sociologist best known for his people-oriented approach to sociology. (Pellet, 2012, pp. 7-25). In the people-oriented reading of sociology, people's lives and culture are very important. "People-oriented sociology is one of the major branches of sociology" (Borawy, 2004, p. 9). Avoidance of theorizing and having a qualitative method are the main features of this approach. It is in people-oriented sociological analysis that "dialogue emerges" (Borawy, p. 4). This sociological approach, as Michael Borawy himself puts it, "is closely related to those people who are observable, intertwined, active, and local, and who are often not of the same color as the general public." In fact, many people-oriented sociologists fall into the category of organic people-oriented sociologists ... There is a dialogue between the organic sociologist and the people he studies, and a process of mutual education takes place between them” (Borawy, 2015, p. 55).
The important point in this scientific approach is that people-oriented sociology does not seek to theorize society. Rather, it distances itself from the macro-theories in order to reach out to the general public and better understanding of folklore and behavioral traditions. As Borawy argues "The goal of people-oriented sociology is to place sociology in a dialogue with popular groups” (Borawy, 2004, p. 7). He also states that now is the time to "systematically transfer our knowledge to those from whom we borrowed it." It is time to relate the personal problems of individuals to public issues and thus re-weave the moral foundation for sociology. The promise and of course, the challenge of people-oriented sociology is that it is not a denial of professional sociology, but a complement to it” (Borawi, 2015, p. 48).
According to the research findings, by demographic sociological analysis, it is possible to study people and cultural phenomena, including ethnic values and oral traditions, and to welcome cultural transformations and the obsolescence of some traditions. Also, many significant actions of the social structure of the Baluch people in the form of folk traditions and value rituals such as asylum, court, assistance, swearing, knife and shroud, hospitality, bread and salt, etc. are prominent and can be categorized in Baluchi proverbs. In the analysis of the social structures and structures of the studied parables, the importance of social group, social laws and social biases can be understood, and from the point of view of sociological analysis, the social concepts of mobility, crisis, norm, deviation and control can be mentioned in Baluchi parables.
References
Borawy, M. (2015). On people-oriented sociology (translated into Farsi by Behrang Sedighi). Ney.
Burawoy, M. (2004). American sociological association, presidential address: for public sociology. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 4-28.
Platt, J. (2012). International sociological association. University of Sussex.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Aims: Premarital screening is a procedure to assess health status before entering the marital stage. In Indonesia, this examination has not been fully optimized for controlling catastrophic diseases, including genetic diseases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward premarital genetic screening in non-medical and health students.
Instruments & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 400 non-healthcare students from the southern region of Central Java, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward premarital genetic screening were measured using questionnaires. The chi-square test was used to look for relationships between variables.
Findings: The knowledge level in 55.5% of respondents was sufficient, in 42.5% was poor, and in 2% was good. Most respondents (57.3%) had a positive attitude. The majority of the respondents exhibited a positive attitude toward all indicators, except for actively seeking information. 355 respondents (88.75%) displayed positive behavior toward premarital genetic screening, while the 45 respondents (11.25%) exhibited negative behavior. There was no significant relationship between knowledge with attitude and behavior (p>0.05), but a significant relationship was observed between attitude and behavior (p=0.021).
Conclusion: There is no relationship between knowledge and attitude. However, the study found a relationship between attitudes and behaviors toward premarital and genetic screening in non-health students.
Volume 12, Issue 55 (April and may 2024)
Abstract
Research on the local languages and dialects of Iran and the collection of various cultural manifestations, including proverbs, leads to a better understanding of the culture and history of the tribes, preserving their dialect and culture, and finally a better understanding of the Iranian languages and culture. Proverbs are a major part of the popular culture of the Baluch people, and a careful study of them will pave the way for the study of cultural patterns, social values, and sociological research.
Most of these proverbs have great moral meanings that play an essential role in teaching transcendent ideas and concepts, transmitting ethnic and generational experiences, and the advancement of individuals in society, but there are also proverbs that have negative functions in history, which have been the cause of social and cultural damage and failure. This research studied this group of proverbs by library and analytical method in order to have an increasing cultural awareness and promote rational views in Baluch society and culture. Although the number of such proverbs is limited, they have caused cultural damage in society due to their widespread use.
Cultural harms have been studied in three areas of individual, family and society along with superstitious beliefs in the field of culture. However, the findings of the current research show the highest frequency in injuries that are related to families. Nonetheless, an independent and documented research with a specific statistical community has not been done in this regard.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Aims: The yard has played a much more prominent role than ever. After the changes in the structure of the community, the house and yard changed. The present study investigates these changes and the reasons for their occurrence during the contemporary period.
Methods: The data collection is a documentary.
Findings: The results of the study indicate that in the past, the yard has been an organized element to the home, an element of light and ventilation of the spaces, a connector with nature, and providing a convenient space for family comfort and celebration. But the yard’s role today is merely the space between the house and the passage, the car movement, and sometimes the small gardens to make optimal use of the remaining areas of the motorway.
Conclusion: Due to society's changing social and cultural structures, resurrecting the same way traditional courtyard for today's society is in vain. The same traditional courtyards in the new urban design where the houses are overlapped have been changed to roof gardens that need to be in sight. These changes can be attributed to the developments in the Qajar era. Given these developments, the relationships and assumptions of the world of tradition were not capable of living in the contemporary world. All in all, modern man’s environmental perceptions changed. As the most relevant space to man, the house has undergone significant changes, and the yard, one of its most important spaces, has not been immune to these changes.
Volume 14, Issue 4 (winter 2014 2015)
Abstract
Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, both real and nominal exchange rates have fluctuated widely. Empirical findings indicate significant impact of exchange rate uncertainty on macroeconomic variables such as output, trade, and investment. This article investigates the impact of the real exchange rate uncertainty on total factor productivity (TFP) in agriculture sector of Iran during the period of 1974-2007. The uncertainty of real exchange rate is defined as the conditional variances obtained from Exponential Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) model. The econometric estimation using Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach shows that the real exchange rate uncertainty has a significant and negative effect on TFP in Iran's agriculture sector in long- and short term. According to the results, in order to reduce the real exchange rate uncertainty, it is recommended that the appropriate policies should be made by policymakers to lessen the difference between nominal and real exchange rates.
Volume 15, Issue 3 (Autumn 2015 2015)
Abstract
Labor entry/exit affects domestic labor and product markets. This paper analyzes the impacts of decline in domestic skilled labor and foreign unskilled labor entry on employment and sectoral production in Iran. For this purpose, we develop a multi-sector computable general equilibrium model with both skilled and unskilled workers. To calibrate the model, we construct a Micro Consistent Matrix as a modified Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). We consider a counterfactual scenario of 10% increase in unskilled labor and 10% decline in skilled labor. The simulation results show that decline in skilled labor and increase in unskilled labor would increase the wage rate of skilled labor. Except for agriculture, the employment of unskilled labor in other sectors will increase by 1.6% to 14.4%. However, the domestic income is decreased despite of increasing wage rate of the skilled labor. The production of all sectors also declines by 2.9% to 3.9%, in such a way agriculture, mining and industry sectors face with the highest decrease in production.
The effect of Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation on Neonate Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Volume 16, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Objective: This study presents an efficient, cost-effective method to improve proliferation and colonization of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro. Methods: Isolated SSCs from neonate mice were cultured in DMEM culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). In the first phase of the study, the temperature was controlled by low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) of the plate that contained the culture medium. In the next phase, SSCs were stimulated by LIPUS with 200 mW/cm2 with 20% and 40% duty cycle for five days. Proliferation and colonization of SSCs were on the seventh day. Results: LIPUS treatment of mouse SSCs increased the proliferation rate and colonization of SSCs in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Average proliferation rate in the 20% duty cycle group was 1.46±0.06, in the 40% duty cycle group it was 2.00±0.1 and for the control group, it was 1.26±0.06. The average number of colonies in the 20% duty cycle group was 24±7.7, whereas the 40% duty cycle group had 62±1.4 colonies and the control group had an average of 19±5.5 colonies. Average colony diameters were as follows: 186.6±2.07 µm (20% duty cycle group), 185.3±4.4 µm (40% duty cycle group) and 190.0±2.0 µm (control group). Our results showed a significant increase in proliferation rate and number of colonies in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between groups in colony diameters. Conclusion: These results suggested that LIPUS treatment can be an efficient, cost-effective method to improve proliferation and colonization of SSCs during in vitro culture.
Volume 16, Issue 4 (7-2014)
Abstract
A solution culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance of 15 tomato genotypes in Hoagland’s nutrient solution with three levels of NaCl (0, 75, and 150 mM). The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replicates. After 30 days of imposition of salt stress, gas exchange parameters including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, and intercellular CO2 concentration were recorded and the harvested plants were characterized for growth (shoot/ longest root lengths and fresh/dry weights) and ionic characteristics (Na+, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio) parameters. All growth and gas exchange parameters decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. However, this decrease was less in salt-tolerant genotypes as compared to salt-sensitive genotypes. It was also observed that with the increasing NaCl concentration in the rooting medium, the amount of Na+ in the plant tissues increased while the amount of K+ ion decreased. Thus, it was concluded that the plants with more K+ absorbing ability, with high K+/Na+ ratio, and higher growth were more salt-tolerant. Also, the results showed that fresh and dry weights, gas exchange characteristics, and K+/Na+ ratio were very effective in determining salt tolerance of tomato. Considering the genotypes, Indent-1 and Nagina were characterized as salt tolerant and the Red Ball and Peto-86 as salt sensitive under saline conditions.
Volume 19, Issue 3 (11-2016)
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells are foundation of the male reproductive system. These cells are the only conduit capable of transferring genetic traits from one generation to the next. Isolation and long-term preservation of spermatogonial stem cells for use in inducing spermatogenesis is one technique to preserve fertility in male patients who need chemotherapy. In vitro spermatogenesis is an alternative to achieve this goal. The use of an optimal model of human spermatogenesis is a major step in understanding the physiology and genetic pathways in the male reproductive system. In vitro spermatogenesis is crucial to reducing a complex process into smaller parts for experimentation, manipulation, and deriving cellular and molecular level knowledge. Is it possible to manipulate the paracrine environment and separately evaluate the effects of growth factors. Different in vitro culture systems are used to explore alternatives to spermatogenesis and obtain mature, functional spermatozoa for ultimate use in infertility treatment. In order to present a useful and practical method, this study provides an overview of different methods for the long-term preservation of spermatogonial stem cells and in vitro culture systems used in spermatogenesis.
Volume 21, Issue 154 (December 2024)
Abstract
Plant extracts and nanoparticles prepared from them due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties can be used to increase the shelf life of meat. In the present study, the biodegradable film of polylactic acid containing silver nanoparticles synthesized from Satureja rechingeri extract on the physicochemical and microbial properties of chicken fillet at refrigerated temperature was investigated. So that the control sample (code 1), chicken fillet coated with biodegradable film of polylactic acid (code 2), chicken fillet coated with biodegradable film of polylactic acid containing Satureja rechingeri extract (code 3) and the Chicken fillet coated with biodegradable polylactic acid film containing silver nanoparticles synthesized from Satureja rechingeri extract (code 4) at 4°C in chemical, microbial and sensory properties at intervals of 0, 3, 7 and 14 The days were examined. The results showed that the mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria for Satureja rechingeri extract containing silver nanoparticles was significantly higher than Satureja rechingeri extract (p≤0.05). In all the studied days except the first day, the lowest pH of thiobarbituric acid belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05). Also, on the third and seventh days, the highest L* color component belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05). On all the examined days, except on the first day, the lowest population of mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, mold and yeast, and mold and yeast, as well as the highest score of all sensory factors (odor, color, texture, overall acceptance) belonged to sample 4 (p≤0.05).Sample 4 was selected as the superior treatment for higher sensory score and more desirable microbial properties.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
Introduction:
“Rationality” is one of the most influencing epistemological frameworks in urban planning, though this concept is criticized and denied by post-modernist advocates. The critics believe that it is the “post-rationality” era in urban planning. Furthermore, the concept of rationality has become a negative concept as it has been taken synonymous with an uncompromising technical and professional superiority. According to critics, rationality ignores the other types of knowledge - such as subjective impressions, common sense, social and human values, intuitions and so on – and only justify positivism and value - free knowledge. These criticisms might be due to decreasing the concept of “rationality” to “instrumental rationality”, while there is a variety of concepts of rationality which are different from each other.
This article tries to focus on and develop the necessity and importance of the dialectical challenge amid theory and practice in urban planning. This is done by addressing the stereotypes about the concept and application of “rationality” in urban planning” and the doubts which have led to its denial through 1) clarifying more deeply the definition of the concept of rationality; 2) tracing its chronological and conceptual evolution; and 3) dissecting its influences upon the theories and approaches urban planning. The first two are exploratory- descriptive purposes and the third one is descriptive- analytical purpose of this article.
Methodology
To achieve the mentioned purposes of this article, the theoretical, experimental, and technical frameworks which are related to the concept of “rationality” has been examined. This article is based on a descriptive-explanatory research and the related text data has been analyzed by the “chronological analysis” method within “qualitative approach” to address the questions of “why”, “how”, “where” and “when”. Furthermore, in this article “thematic analysis method” is being used to trace the themes or repeating pattern in the data sets to describe the research question. By recognition of important and critical events in chronological continuum of the related concepts of the research, this article does not focus on dialectical relationship between knowledge. The methods used to collect and analysis the data within suggested process in the article are included: a) data collection and processing: the data used in this article are secondary data and the method of collecting this data is document review which consist of related data in valid and reliable books and articles; b) data analysis: there is a dual path to analysis the data in this article. In exploratory- descriptive path, it has been traced the theories, concepts and global experiments related to the concept of rationality in urban spatial strategic planning. The output of this path is recognition of the criteria of rationality and irrationality. In descriptive- analytical path, in order to address the third question of the research, this article tries to propose a framework to connect the urban planning approach to different types of rationality to upgrade the actions and interactions of planning.
Results and Discussion
The chronological evolution of rationality in planning and its effect on planning approach can be discussed within five periods: in the first period, rationality as a pure reason was seen in comprehensive planning. The focus of planning in this period was on “the best action” to achieve the goals set by the employers. It was assumed the needed resources for planning are unlimited and accessible and planners were a value – free technocrat. In the second period, rationality was still introduced as pure reason and the rational comprehensive planning focused on choosing “efficient action” to face the “planning problems”. The main assumption in this period was the existence of unlimited time and resources for problem finding. In the third period, the limitations of time and data resources in planning were been recognized by a planner. Two dominant approaches were identifiable in this period: a) the approaches based on “substantive rationality”: in these approaches, planner as savior tried to do “justly action” to address “plural values” in society. Therefore, while these approaches were concerned about the “ends” and being justly and fair, they were based on substantive rationality; and b) the approaches based on “formal or functional rationality”: the other planning approaches were interested in mutual consensus between the groups with opposite interest - without caring about the quality of the decisions made by these consensus. So, in these approaches the main actors of planning were interest group and not planners. Fourth period was the period of maturity of rationality concept in planning. In this period substantive and formal rationality were dominant concepts and the “communicating rationality” was introduced. The main purpose of the dominant approaches in this period was focusing on efficient, fair and justly and collective action to tolerate the less defeat and face the uncertainties. In the fifth period the communication rationality is the dominant in planning. The approaches based on this concept are concerned about interactions - not actions -. The main purpose of planning in this period is to achieve to not just a “consensus”, but a “consensus based on a mutual understanding”.
Conclusion
The output of this article was a conceptual model in order to show the typology of rationality and their evolution; tracing their influence on urban planning approaches; and explaining the necessity of this concept in strategic spatial planning. Finally the deterrent of using rationality in urban strategic spatial planning could be introduced as: first) the absence of a legal prescribed agenda for the institution which are engaged in urban planning process; second) the epistemological, eclecticism, and political gaps in urban planning and the absence of an agreed definition of strategic spatial planning based of rational thinking; and third) negligence in adaptation underlying economic and political traditions, epistemological foundations and theories and approaches use in planning action and practice.
Volume 24, Issue 2 (3-2022)
Abstract
The purposes of the study were: (i) To comparatively estimate the economic performance and productive efficiency of owner and sharecroppers in Kaş District of Antalya Province in Turkey, (ii) To find out the factors affecting the profitability of owner operators and sharecroppers, and (iii) To formulate the policy options in the light of findings. Research data were collected from randomly selected 58 owner operators and 45 sharecroppers by using questionnaire. Cluster analysis was performed to select similar sharecropper and owner operator in terms of farmers’ profile, farm income, and land size. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the efficiency measures. Research result showed that labor cost of sample farm had largest share in total farm expenses. The tomato and pepper yield of sharecroppers were higher than that of owners. Net farm income of owner operator and sharecroppers per hectare were $44518.3 and $51248.8, respectively. The mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency of owner operators were 0.724, 0.729 and 0.528, respectively, while that of sharecroppers was 0.851, 0.598 and 0.509, respectively. Sharecroppers had higher technical efficiency score compared to owners, but reverse was the case for allocative and cost efficiency scores. According to the research findings, farmers can increase their technical competence, if both owner operator and sharecropper improved their skills by participating in training and extension programs. Implementing performance-based earning systems may accelerate improving farmers’ technical capability. Reorganizing of farm and controlling marketing cost may also be beneficial for increasing economic efficiency in the research area.
Volume 24, Issue 5 (9-2022)
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture highly depends on the actions taken by the farmers and their ability to make a decision by using their knowledge and information efficiently. Therefore, farmers' perception needs to transfer from a technocratic approach to a social approach for promoting sustainable agriculture. This study was planned to analyze the tea growers' perception of sustainable agriculture in Rize Province. For this reason, a stratified sample of 138 tea farmers was contacted to get their perceptions about predefined sustainable farming practices. A total of 60 items were factor analyzed and ultimately 33 items in four main factors, namely, policy, social, environmental, and economic were identified to construct a sustainability perception index. Considering this index score, farmers' perceptions were divided into three groups including low, medium, and high-level perception. The explanatory variables were selected from the socioeconomic characteristics and communication behavior of farmers. The model results showed that education level, age, participation in farming events, watching television, and using the internet affected farmers' perception of sustainable farming in the region. Government should focus on policy-related issues like illegal tea entry, social factors like increasing the communication and socialization level among stakeholders, and environmental problems as a result of farm practices through arranging appropriate workshops.