---

Abstract: Early people had made groups on the world and formed the first basis for group life in this way. The interactions of groups with nature occurred separately from the personal ones. Therefore, not only groups of people got affected by nature; but also the untouched nature recorded some footprints of peoples› lifestyles and was not anymore untouched. This interaction between indigenous people and nature over time shaped the cultural landscape as a secondary phenomenon. Although lots of definitions have been presented for this concept, there has not been any inclusive and exclusive definition based on cultural landscape formation process and being regardless of time and geographical and cultural context in order to bring attention to the many and complex aspects of this concept. Therefore, by reviewing and analyzing documents and theories as well as using qualitative research method and content analysis strategy, this paper seeks to achieve a level of understanding about this concept to determine the alphabet for cultural landscape recognition in order to present a new definition for it. To approach the main objective of this paper, redefining the cultural landscape; two main components affecting the formation of cultural landscapes, nature and culture, should be taken into consideration. Having a precise look at cultural landscape literature, it is indicated that two components, in different approaches and as a result with various terms; have formed the basis for cultural landscape definition. In spite of many applicable definitions in geographical and cultural contexts; the necessity for presenting a redefinition for cultural landscapes that have the capacity to be generalized based on their formation processes has been understood. In order to approach the proposed definition, refining the basic concepts in formation processes of cultural landscapes and choosing the most comprehensive key words are investigated. Cultural landscape is known as the result of interaction between people and nature. But the question is that which nature? The initial untouched nature? Or the touched one? And the more important question is that what is called as nature? Is it the environment? Or the ecosystem? Or something else? Having a brief look at cultural landscape definitions and explanations, it can be understood that many words used as synonyms with regards to this issue; are not in fact synonyms; and this occurs due to lack of fixed and correct definitions and consensus on them. By examining the words used as equivalents of the word nature in current definitions of cultural landscape and analyzing them from the point of view of this paper, considering the fact the word “nature” is believed to be untouched from human being interventions, emphasizing on the influence of human in the word “landscape”, not using the phrase “geographical context” widely and colloquially, and the ambiguity of the phrase “environment” regarding the amount of human intervention; in this paper, applying these words and phrases are avoided. The word “ecosystem” owning to its comprehensiveness in covering universe phenomenon and offering a clearer position of human being, has been chosen as the alternative for the word nature. On the other hand, with putting emphasis on the fact that cultural landscape resulted from group interaction, and not individual ones with nature; the need for paying attention to the issue of culture becomes obvious. Having highlighted that the aim of this paper is not presenting a definition of culture; the four channels of knowledge of ecosystems, including science, philosophy, mysticism, and religion as the four main components of culture formation are introduced. After that, the position of the four channels of ecosystem recognition in the culture is defined. Thus, the formation process of cultural landscape based on the four channels of knowledge is refined in a scheme that becomes as the underlying layer for redefining cultural landscape based on its formation process. In this paper, science refers to “ethnic knowledge”. Ethnic knowledge is referred to those kind of information that have been achieved by indigenous people of a specific area about their ecosystem or have gained from other ethnic groups and nationalities. The indigenous people have applied them in their practical knowledge during filtration, which has its own process and does not fit in the range of the question of thisresearch. The indigenous knowledge is used in order to enable or facilitate the possibility of inhabitancy in the geographic environment for that people, with certain beliefs and traditions, and therefore it can be called “indigenous applied knowledge”. The second channel is philosophy. It refers to that of indigenous people rather than great philosophers’ opinions; as in science, indigenous knowledge attracted more attention than great theatrical breakthroughs. The third component is mysticism. The purpose of mysticism is “to recognize the quality of human life” and as two quantitative and qualitative dimensions used to be and are integral; so, whether it is paid attention to or not, mysticism exists in every moment of human life. Religion is the fourth component. Religion refers to a set of rules and orders that have been revealed through revelation for the divine prophets. These rules have had a great role in shaping cultural landscape of societies. Thus, the formation process of each cultural landscape is presented on a scheme that its key components are the four channels of knowledge toward the ecosystem, the ecosystem and culture. Considering the proposed scheme, cultural landscape is redefined in this paper as followed: cultural landscape refers to that part of the gregarious interaction of indigenous people of a micro-ecosystem with it; those people have gained a common understanding toward the entire ecosystem and the micro-ecosystem over the passage of time and consequently have established a common culture. Moreover, they have left objective (tangible) or subjective (intangible) signs in that micro-ecosystem as a result of their interaction that can be recognized by being subjected to careful scrutiny. The main advantage of the proposed scheme and the definition of cultural landscape of this paper is the ability to produce diverse outputs and thus the identification of cultural landscape products in different natural and cultural contexts.

---

In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.

After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Qur'an as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Qur'an and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Qur'an cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
However the holy Qur'an as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.

---

---

Aims: Dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, as irreplaceable resources with tangible and intangible dimensions, have been shaped by a result of the processes of sociocultural production and experiences in the temporal and spatial context and are going through a series of changes over time. The main purpose of this research is assessing the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, which is one of the most fundamental issues in the World Heritage monitoring process.
Instrument & Methods: This study elaborates on applied-developed research methods, using an analytical descriptive method in two sections. The theoretical section is based on the logical reasoning method and technique of content analysis and logical inference; and the practical section is based on the survey method and analytic hierarchy process technique.
Findings: Achieving the effective assessment for the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Site is based on two substantial criteria: 1) “securing and conveying cultural significance of the heritage site” with the sub-criteria of “integrity” and “authenticity”; 2) “heritage site experience” with the sub-criteria of “perception of cultural significance” and “experience of authenticity”.
Conclusion: The results show that the “sense of place attachment” indicator is the most important factor in assessing the state of conservation. And periodic use of this proposed model in the monitoring process provides a coherent platform for measuring the efficiency of the study heritage site management system. The developed framework might be used by Tehran Beautification Organization and Tehran Municipality in culturally-rich sites of Tehran.

---

Aims: In the protection of places with cultural significance, the identification and assessment procedure is the basic phase and generally the first step. Considering the specific characteristics of Modern and contemporary heritage, a framework for this procedure is necessary. The purpose of this research is to propose a framework based on the activities, documents and research done in this field in the global context.

Methods: This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method with library-study and logical reasoning in the three areas of registration, identification and assessment of modern works.

Findings: In this study, while reviewing the activities and researches, the criteria of the world heritage guidelines effective on the registration of modern heritage, the historical thematic identification frameworks of this heritage and a method for assessment the buildings of the era have been introduced. At the end, based on these cases, a model and framework of the assessment process of modern architectural heritage is proposed. Also, it’s usage has been investigated in a domain of Iranian heritage works.

Conclusion: A framework for the assessment process of the modern architectural heritage provides the possibility of clarifying and facilitating the registration, identification and assessment of these works. Such a framework, taking into account the nature of Modern and contemporary heritage and its commonalities in the global context, has the possibility of being formulated as a general framework. To use in a national or regional context, it is necessary to adapt it considering the historical, cultural and social characteristics of the context.

---

Tannins are plant natural products with a high molecular weight and can form a complex with the protein and carbohydrates.This plant important material  have properties such as anti-microbial and proteins precipitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of industrial mass production of tannins from pistachio hull. Two extraction methods, i.e.  shaker and ultrasonic Extraction and four solvents (acetone 70% ,ethanol 50% , methanol 50% and water) were performed in two species kalleghuchi (P. vera cv. Kallehghuchi) and Ohadi (P.vera cv . Ohadi). The results showed that the highest and the lowest insoluble tannin was measured 13.18 and 11.99 mg/g DW respectively related to maceration method  in the ohadi, Acetone and methanol. But the highest and the lowest soluble tannin was measured 55.32 and 34.46 mg/g DW respectively related to maceration method  in the ohadi, ethanol and kalleghuchi, water. Anthocyanin in Pistachio hull kalleghuchi  and ohadi was measured 9.09 and 10.71  μmol/g DW and Pistachio nute kalleghuchi  and ohadi 4.12 and 4.19  μmol/g DW . The results suggest the application of pistachio green hull as a cheap and easily accessible source for production of natural bioactive compounds.

---

Abstract
Free radicals cause many diseases in human. Antioxidants reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke by neutralizing free radicals and on the other hand, prevent progression of cancer. The natural antioxidant enhances antioxidant properties of plasma to prevent diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Plants are a rich source of secondary compounds, which are the most important natural antioxidants.
In this study, Fumaria vaillanti aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts were used to determine the anticancer effect of extracts on Breast Cancer Cells Lines BT-474, MDA-MB_231 after 24, 48 and 72h.
The highest percentage of cell death, according to the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) technique, has been reported in the aqueous extract on MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hours at with IC₅₀ of 2 μg / ml.
The results of this study indicate that Fumaria vaillanti shows a significant antioxidant and cell toxicity effect and full potential of extracts can be realized by further studies on animal models and subsequent trials.
 

---

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in women causing abnormal cancerous cells that can spread and metastasize to other parts of the body. Secondary metabolites are highly variable in terms of structural and chemical properties and they are very important for plants survival. In this study, the extracts of two plants using three different solvents (water, ethanol 80% and methanol 80%) and water bath extraction method were obtained. phenolic compounds of extracts were determined by Folin Sioculto method. DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma) methods were performed for determination of antioxidant properties. The amount of phenolic compounds in two plants was higher in 80% methanol solvent and the most antioxidant activities were observed in water solvent of extracts. Water solvent had the highest antioxidant activity and was selected to investigate the anti-cancer properties of extracts on ovarian cancer cells. Water extract of Ocimum basilicum within72 hours had the highest cytotoxic effect with an IC50 value of 1.105 ± 0.001 mg / ml. In study of antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method, the highest antibacterial properties were only in ethanol extracts of two plants. In the measurement of MIC and MBC, ethanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum basilicum and water and ethanol extracts in Imatiens walleriana had the most inhibitory and bactericide effects.
 

---

ABSTRACT:
 In this study, the extracts of Dianthus and fumaria plants were studied. The total amount of flavonoids and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of methanolic, aqueos and ethanolic of the two extracts were studied with TLC and HPLC methods.  Phenol and total flavonoids were measured and the antioxidant activities of the extracts analysed using DPPH and FRAP method. A thin-layer chromatography method and HPLC were conducted to evaluate the quality of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The results showed highest amount of phenol was obtained from the plant in methanol solution and maceration method with the amount of 10±0/14 mg/g DW and highest flavonoid content of the plants was in the methanolic solvent and the maceration method with the amount of 9±0/6 mg/g DW (p<0.05). The highest antioxidant properties was in methanolic solvents and using DPPH method with the value of 0.41 ± 0/14µg/ml (p<0.05).Using thin-layer chromatography, glycine and 4-hydroxy-3 and 5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid, vanilic acid, 4hydroxy cinamic acid and a number of other compounds were identified. Using high-performance chromatography, gallic acid and 4-hydroxy-cinamic acid and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid were detect. The conclusion of this study is that the antioxidant activities of plants have a direct relation with the amount of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, However Fumaria vaillanti has a higher antioxidant properties compared with Dianthus. The natural antioxidants extracted from the medicinal plants in this research might pose an attractive alternative to synthetic antioxidants.