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Aims: The historical context of cities plays a significant role in understanding the complexities and structure of a city, which can lead to the recognition and perception of people. Traditional bazaars are also considered as the most important historical element of cities, despite the studies that provide a model for measuring and evaluating spatial perception in the context of the bazaar, this research is investigated the perceptions of the traditional bazaar of Tehran by applying space layout indicators and cognitive maps.
Methods: In this research, a combined method was used, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and their analysis. In this regard, first, the map of Tehran bazaar has been compared and analyzed in the space layout software, and the axial map indicators have been compared and analyzed with sketches drawn by the statistical community, including businesses, buyers or passers-by.
Findings: The theory of space arrangement alone cannot clarify the various objective and subjective dimensions of the environment for us, because this theory only deals with the objective dimensions of the observer, therefore, to understand the cognitive characteristics of the space which is affected by the type and manner of people's perception, There is a need to use cognitive maps based on the presence of people and focus on users (here, Tehran's Grand Bazaar) who know and experience the environment.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that multiple objective and subjective factors together and sometimes with prioritization over each other are effective in determining the correct wayfinding of the space.

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Purpose: currently TB diagnosis is limited by some major limitations in low-income and less experienced hospitals. Recently, it has been proposed that the ku gene of mycobacterial strains has the potential to be a highly specific and sensitive candidate biomarker for molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study was aimed to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of a real-time PCR assay for detection of ku gene in Mtb complex to determine its applicability for Mtb identification.
Materials and methods: The identification of Mtb was confirmed using GeneXpert assay. Specific primers for ku gene were designed and the cycle threshold (Ct) value from the real-time PCR was used as a proxy measure of the cut-off point. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the diagnostic performance of ku gene in detecting Mtb directly from clinical specimens.
Results: ku amplification was interpreted as positive and negative based on Ct values, in which a value <38 was considered positive and a value >40 was considered negative. Our findings revealed that the ku gene was found to be distributed in all Mtb-positive samples. Of note, none of the Mtb-negative exhibited a specific signal in a maximum of 40 cycles.
Conclusions: The ku gene amplification using real-time PCR indicated high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Mtb complex in sputum samples.