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A prominent characteristic of the trial discourse is the imbalance of power between the participants, in such a way that the power is imposed unilaterally from the interrogator (be it the investigator, the judge, etc.) to the addressee. The most important tool for imposing power is the use of "question" which has a controlling feature. In order to analyze the different dimensions of the trial discourse, the present research studies the structural, discursive and pragmatic aspects of questions in different criminal, civil and family branches in the court and prosecutor's office of Duroud city. In the structural dimension, the types of morpho-syntactic characteristics and in the pragmatic dimension, the type of speech act of different types of questions have been considered. In this regard, we examined the data by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results indicate that the most frequently used question forms are related to yes/no and narrow wh-questions. It was also found that the questions have three types of regulative, constative and communicative speech acts. The findings confirm that some questions that have a communicative action are raised by lay participants with the purpose of clarification, and therefore, in some situations, it is possible to observe a change in the one-sided questioning pattern of interrogator → addressee. Most of the questions that are raised by lay people are rooted in their lack of familiarity with technical legal terms, which in some cases can lead to consequences such as the lack of a favorable defense.
 

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Based on Talmy’s (2000) lexicalization patterns, languages are considered either verb-framed or satellite-framed in terms of the language unit (either verb roots or satellites) that encodes Path of motion.  According to Talmy’s hypothesis Indo-European languages except for Post Hellenic and Romans fall into satellite-framed class, since speakers of these languages conflate Manner of motion in the verb roots, while Path appears in satellites. This paper investigates the pervasive pattern Persian pre-school speaker children use to express motion components, namely Manner and Path in elicited narratives based on ten short animated clips simultaneously demonstrating Manner and path of motion. The Children’s narratives have further been compared to those of adults in order to highlight differences and similarities in mapping two semantic components onto language units. In the end, it has been discussed whether or not Persian, as an Indo-European language fits into Talmy’s binary typology. The analysis in this study illustrates that when narrating motion pictures, children follow the same pattern as adults do to encode Manner and Path; both groups employ path verbs with or without path satellites for vertical displacements, and prepositional phrases for horizontal trajectories where boundary crossing occurs. Manner of motion is either conflated in verb roots or not mentioned. Therefore as far as Path of motion is concerned, Persian language within the scope of the present study fits into verb-framed class of languages

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This research is concerned with the syntactic changes that occur during the process of translation of Quran verses from Arabic to Persian. Since it helps to evaluate syntactic structures and changes, the X- bar Theory is adopted to classify the type of these changes. For the purpose of this research, the type of syntactic groups is determined and the changes of them are comprised in both of Arabic and Persian texts. In this research the scientific study of syntactic groups contains of the study of lexical categorizes (NP,VP) and functional categorizes (IP,CP,DP) in Quran text and its Persian translations. Therefore the syntactic structures are comprised in two languages and different structures are determined in them. The purpose of this research is to study the data of Quran which includes recognizing the lexical and functional categories and determining of the type of their changes in Persian translations. It shows how the semantic and grammatical changes are represented during the translation of Arabic Quran to Persian.    

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Adopting a theory and data-based research via introducing natural morphology theory, this article, tries to study inflectional system of Persian language on the basis of congruity –system principle which is one of the components of dependent-system theory. The authors have stated unique features of inflectional affixes. Then, on the basis of five properties of this principle (occurrence of categorical systems and categories, occurrence of base form inflection or stem inflection, separate or combined symbolization of categories, number and manner of formal distinctions in the paradigm, occurrence of marker types related to the categorical system involved, and presence or absence of inflectional classes), the congruity of inflectional affixes of the Persian language has been measured. For this purpose these affixes have been analyzed in three macro classes: noun, verb, and adjective. On the basis of this principle adjective affixes are more congruous and uniform, but noun affixes are less natural. 

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The purpose of this research is studying the structure of tense and aspect in Bala-Guerive Luri dialect. Bala-Guerive Luri is a variety of Luri dialect spoken by the inhabitants of Khorram Abad city, Lurestan province, Iran. The data have been collected through a ten hours recording of everyday conversations of Lur informants; and analyzed descriptively. This dialect has two tenses: past and non-past. Thus there are simple present, simple past, present perfect and past perfect. The representation of aspect in this dialect is different from Farsi. In this dialect perfective aspect is represented by simple past, present perfect and past perfect. Imperfective and progressive aspects in present time are shown by /h/ and in the past time are shown by /he: /. imperfective aspect is also shown by present perfect structure. Proximate aspect in the present time is shown by/ h/ with agreement to main verb in person and number and in the past time is shown by / hs/ with no agreement to main verb.

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During the interrogation process and its discourse language contains certain characteristics that can be the source of many linguistic researches and studies. One of the most important issues that can be mentioned in the interrogation process is how to evolve the verbal communication by the interrogator in order to obtain the truth of the interrogee’s statements. In this regard, the interrogator uses strategies to advance the discourse in his/her own way. In analyzing the data, the participants in the interrogation interaction were divided into two groups of specialist and non-specialist. The first category are the people who are familiar with the law and the legal language and include the police, judge, lawyer, etc. On the other hand, the second group are people who are not familiar with the law (or at least have little familiarity), including the accused, the plaintiff. In the present essay, based on the corpus of ten litigation files and based on the analysis of the verbal interaction between the expert (judge) and the non-expert (the accused, the plaintiff), we attempted to extract the various strategies used by the interrogator. The strategies include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast,the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker and interruption.
1. Introduction
In a simple definition forensic linguistics is an attempt to explore the way relationships between people in legal contexts are constructed through language. What we are dealing with in forensic linguistics in general is the analysis of legal writing or legal talk. The present study focuses on legal talk in interrogation, specifically questioning in trial. In the present study we examined the interrogation process, which includes the strategies that the interrogator uses during the interrogation process to obtain answers to his questions and to discover the truth. Based on the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:
 1. What strategies does the interrogator use to obtain the truth in the interrogation process?
2. What is the formal and pragmatic representation of the questions during the interrogation process?
2. Literature Review
Holt and Johnson (2010) study the socio-pragmatic aspects of legal talk: police interviews and trial discourse. They believe that reporting, contrasting, formulating and repeating are at the heart of the process of formulating the facts of the legal story in trials and police interviews. Their use produces important fact-making moments that distil and encode a version of reality, which play an important part in the legal case: an authorized-authoritative version.
Momeni (2012) show how linguistic analysis can help to identify language crime especially when there are no clear available proofs or documents. As she points out language crime is accompanied with speech acts like lying, threatening bribery. After observing numerous cases in courts and police stations (Bureau of Police Investigation), the author chose data which included “lies” and analyzed it in two ways. First, “defendants’ statements” and second “power relation” are analyzed. The author draws this conclusion that linguistics strategies like semantic tools (schema, frame, verb meaning), syntactic tools (mood of verb), discoursal tools (power relation) … can be effective to identify and analyze language crimes. Perjury/lie is considered as a crime in both courts and Bureau of Police Investigation. Analyzing all language crimes in one article is not possible; therefore, the author analyzes just one which is perjury/lie.
Momeni and Azizi (2015) study the role of topic shift and violence of Grice Principles in interrogation. They show the role of changing the subject and violation of Grice cooperative principles in interrogations. That is, the accused seeks to prolong the duration of the investigation or provide incomplete information to the interrogator officer which consistently violates these strategies. On the other hand, the legal context and power relations do not allow the accused to change the subject according to his own desire or give irrelevant answers constantly. If this happens, it can be concluded that the accused tried to mislead the interrogator in linguistic terms. This research is a fieldwork study. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded in Tehran Police Bureau, the real samples were selected, classified and studied. The authors introduce these principles and demonstrate their use in interrogations.
 Razavian and Jalil,(2018) study the “spoken features of the robbery defendants in court”. They try to obtain spoken features of robbery defendants in order to provide a unique conversation of thieves in detection of crimes. The authors are trying to describe and explain speech of robbery defendants in Semnan province judicial system from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics. The results show that the robbery defendants by using many linguistic principles such as high modality, activism deletion, infelicitous utterance, illocutionary act try to gain interrogators confidence. Investigation of lawsuits details show that robbery defendants in their defenses use linguistic principles differently. In particular, they use in their speech modality for 29%, contradictions for 16%, activism deletion for 14%, presupposition for 10%, speech acts for 3%, implicature for 1% and middle voice construction for 0/5%. Results suggest that attention to features and elegances of language like low modality, contradiction in speech, activism deletion, presupposition, implicature; middle voice construction and Gricean Cooperative Principles can help investigators and judges at crime detection. The other researches that concerns language in legal discourse in Iran are as follows: Rowshan & Behboudi (2009), Momeni (2011), Momeni & Azizi (2011).
3. Methodology
This research is a fieldwork study. The present study is based on a speech record of a total of 189 minutes of conversation recording of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Shiraz Public Prosecutor's Office. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded, the real samples were selected, classified and studied.
                                                                    4. Results and Discussion
By analyzing the data we found that the interrogator uses specific and repetitive strategies, and this pattern is present in all cases. Accordingly, we extract and categorize the strategies which include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast, the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker marker and interruption. The results show that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) included the formulation, repetition of the question, quotation, and contrast palys central role in the interrogation discourse. Also, the authors have found three strategies: "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption, and the second type of question repetition to these strategies.
6. Conclusion
While the formal approaches to the study of language pay attention to the formal aspects of language, the functional-oriented theories focus on language use as a means of communication and its application in different contexts. In the present article, an attempt was made to study another practical aspect of language in the (specifically) judicial and legal context. To achieve this, the authors chose the interrogation process in the prosecutor's office and explored the strategies used in the interrogation process by the expert (interrogator) and non-expert (defendant, plaintiff, etc.). One of the main strategies in this process is “the questions” both in formal and pragmatic aspects. Based on the body of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Public Prosecutor's Office, the authors evaluated the questions raised by the judge and concluded that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) are used by interrogator. They are question formulation, repeated questions, quotation clauses and contrast, and also, the authors have added three strategies of "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption. It should be noted that the discourse of interrogation has many different dimensions and aspects, both in terms of form and function, which requires deeper and broader research in the field of justice.
 
 

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The present paper on the reverse flow of Grammatical metaphor has surveyed the usage of grammatical metaphor in two varieties of Scientific articles- medical academic articles and medical popularized articles- with the same topics.
This subject was chosen to be studied aiming to discover the differences between language structures that scientific journalists and academic authors use to transfer scientific ideas and issues in their articles. Grammatical metaphor is the concept that Halliday uses in Systemic functional grammar and it means changing one grammatical category to another; in this process verbs and adjectives change to noun and clauses to nominal groups as well. This process leads to increase of lexical density and also complexity and abstraction of the text. Findings of this study show that authors of popularized scientific articles to publish their writings in mass media, usually simplify the grammatical structures in addition to lexicon. To reach this aim and also to justify simplified texts with the normal and congruent process of transferring meanings via language, avoid using grammatical metaphor in their texts.

1.  Introduction

The language used by experts in scientific journals and programs to maintain scientific credibility is a specialized and Technical language that may be incomprehensible to the general public. To facilitate understanding way, the media and science reporters and journalists build bridges between professionals and the general public using appropriate language structures. One of the linguistic tools available to scientific journalists in implementing this serious matter is changing  some grammatical structures to another; The structure that is considered here is the phenomenon that was named "grammatical metaphor", which is how its effect on the simplification and popularization of the language of science is examined in this article.
 
2. Methodology
Grammatical metaphor is a metaphor that replaces a grammatical structure with another and conveys a similar meaning. In other words, replacing one grammatical form with another grammatical form is called grammatical metaphor.
The main manifestation of the grammatical metaphor is nominalization. Nominalization is the most common type of grammatical metaphor at the lexical level that increases the density of information.
This structure, which is considered as one of the features and characteristics of the language of science, increases the lexical density and, consequently, the semantic complexity of scientific texts.
According to the studies that have been done in this field so far, grammatical metaphor is of special importance in the evolution of scientific writings and is a characteristic feature of this type of discourse.
In this research, the authors also try to examine and compare the corpuses  that has been selected from technical and popularized Persian scientific texts and answer the question of whether the use of grammatical metaphor in these two styles of same linguistic species is different, and how can this be explained if there is a difference?
The data of the present study in the specialized scientific language section are taken from one hundred technical medical articles in the fields of cardiovascular diseases, neurology, breast cancer, diabetes and MS published in scientific-research journals approved by the Ministry of Health. Also, in the mass media section, one hundred articles with similar topics to technical articles have been selected from the scientific pages of widely circulated newspapers and the scientific sections of cyberspace databases.
After collecting the data, it was necessary to measure the frequency of using grammatical metaphors in data from scientific-research articles and popularized scientific articles in the field of medical disciplines mentioned.
The aim is to investigate the differences in the frequency of usage of grammatical metaphor in scientific-specialized texts and popularized scientific texts and also to examine the results of these differences in recognizing the characteristics of grammatical metaphor in different linguistic types.
To achieve this goal, first the sentences of one hundred scientific-research articles and one hundred popularized scientific articles with similar topics were identified. then sentences and clauses containing grammatical metaphors in both types of articles also were recognized.
In the next step the congruent expression corresponding to each of them was reconstructed and the lexical density of each of these two types of expression was measured to reveal all the aspects of reverse flow of grammatical metaphor.
Then the results were statistically, analytically and descriptively reviewed to provide an appropriate answer to this question that what is the use of grammatical metaphor construction in two different types of Persian scientific language and how grammatical, lexical and discourse consequences related to this difference affect readers' understanding of science.
 
3.Results
After analyzing the data of this research, it was found that the authors of technical scientific articles used 44.53% grammatical metaphor in expressing their content and the authors of popularized scientific articles used about 10.94% of this construction.
 
Figure1.
The frequency of grammatical metaphor in the technical and popularized article

For this reason, readers often have difficulty understanding the content of specialized articles with a high rate of usage of grammatical metaphor, which leads to the formation of long sentences with high lexical density.
This is due to the different nature of the two figures in expressing the same meaning. The scientific language used by experts often results in a different interpretation of the experience by changing the structure of the adaptive language, and the use of grammatical metaphor is one way to achieve these different interpretations. For this reason, readers often have difficulty understanding the content of specialized articles with a high rate of grammatical metaphor - which leads to long sentences with high lexical density -. The reverse flow of grammatical metaphor that occurs in the writing of public science articles is an effective tool for conceptualizing science for the general public.

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The purpose of this paper has been an introduction of a new approach into morphology as “construction and interpretation”. To achieve this goal, some parts of Role and Reference Theory has been extended to morphology; it has integrated with a new approach and constructed new perspective as “construction and interpretation”. This new approach has been provided to analyze how conceptualization in language is and how the function of correlate between polysemy and synonymy is and what causes this correlation. This new approach has been provided within inflectional and simple morphology to analyze some affixes and words that have been selected randomly. It has been performed in three steps: in the first step, different morphological approaches about polysemy have been reviewed, in the second step, the proposed approach has been presented and in the third step, problematic samples of previous approaches within the proposed approach have been analyzed. The results suggest that usage is different from meaning and it is the basis of language and axis of conceptualization. Usage simultaneously and continuously is in interaction with both meaning and form. This simultaneous and permanent interaction causes correlative and competitive formation of polysemy and synonymy. Pragmatic competence is in the mind of the speaker, so the speaker refers by creating interaction among usage, meaning and form inside cultural cognition and context, and the listener interprets and infers the reference unit or “construction”, in this way, conceptualization of form takes place.
 

1.  Introduction

The reason behind the formation of polysemy correlated with synonymy in some morphological units and their lack of complete dominance over each other were examined. The interaction between usage and meaning creates form in  Role and Reference Grammar. In some simple, derivative, and compound words in morphology, the form is fixed and the meaning changes. These conditions lead us to the question and necessity of the current study. Whether the interaction between usage and meaning create different forms? Do these fixed forms in the production of different meanings undertake a part of the task of conceptualization? This study investigated this situation based on the interaction between usage, form, and meaning in word formation and word selection processes. The objective is to introduce a new approach to morphology called “construction and interpretation”. By proving the hypothesis that in addition to the interaction between usage and meaning, interaction between usage and form also plays a role in conceptualization, the new approach can be used to analyze all morphological units with observing minimality, simplicity, and comprehensiveness.

2.  Literature Review

Lieber (2004) suggests that polysemy in derivative words is rooted in argument structure and semantic content of affix. He argues that structural elements have a semantic skelet. The semantic skelet of an affix is placed near semantic skelet of the base and creates polysemy in the process of derivative word formation.
Booij (2010) suggests that the affix has no meaning and assumes general scheme for each affix. He believes that affixes have no meaning and that the meaning of derived words results from the meaning of the base and the morphological structure in which the base is placed.
Karimidoostan & Moradi (2011a.) argue the function of some Persian's Suffixes like /-ande/ and /-ar/ violate Liber's viewpoint. They believe that polysemy in these affixes is due to homonymity or metaphorical expansion.
Rafiei (2012) eliminates argument structure from Liber's viewpoint to explain polysemy in some Persian's adjectives. He considers feature meanings with two positive and negative values for each affix that logically create polysemy.

3. Methodology
This study has been performed in three steps: in the first step, within previous approaches, different morphological approaches about polysemy and synonymy have been reviewed, in the second step, the proposed approach has been presented that it is based on this hypothesis to creating interaction between usage and form plays a role in conceptualization. In the third step, samples of polysemy, synonymy and correlated polysemy and synonymy have been analyzed in different parts of morphology and with focus on nominative adjective; In the end, the hypothesis has been proven. Some qualified samples were selected in this respect. The focus was on choosing morphological patterns of nominative adjective in terms of derivation. These patterns have been collected from various researches  analyzing within the approach of “construction and interpretation.

4. Results
Analyzing the samples suggests that morphology has a communicational function like syntax; although this function is less than syntax .Usage, due to its dynamic and flowing nature, is different from meaning and is the basis of language and the axis of conceptualization. An inseparable amalgamation of form and meaning is not possible. Meaning is not in the essence of grammatical units rather it is as a pragmatic competence in the minds of speakers .The speaker in the context of cultural cognition, according to the situation of verbal communication refers by creating an interaction among usage, form and meaning; the listener infers and interprets the reference unit or “construction”, and in this way, conceptualization takes place. Applying usage and creating interaction between it and form or meaning, the speaker creates a new construction and by interpreting this construction by the listener, communication successfully establishes. Interaction of the usage with form and meaning, respectively forms polysemy and synonymy. Its simultaneous interaction with form and meaning also forms correlated, competitive polysemy and synonymy; so that neither overcomes the other completely and both continue to co- existe in parallel.

5. Discussion
According to the authors, usage is the fundamental element of language because there can be one form and several meanings and several forms and one meaning; while there exists no form and meaning in parallel to another form and a meaning in different parts of morphology. Sometimes the interaction between usage and form makes a meaning and sometimes the interaction between usage and meaning makes the form. In fact, the final production of any construction in language is based on the interaction among usage, form, and meaning. The speaker connects the intended usage and the form or meaning, depending on the communication position relative to the listener. In this case, the speaker produces a new meaning or form as “construction”, the listener interprets the new construction and conceptualization takes place.

6. Conclusion
The data analyses led to a new perspective in “construction and interpretation” approach; which implies that different meanings of each morphological unit appear in the mind of the speaker as a conversational implication. At the initial production stage of each morphological unit, the speaker attributes their intended usage to any of the lexical forms and creates interactions between usage and form; the listener also interprets the interaction formed and primary meaning is formed.
The primary usage becomes the relatively fixed and social meaning of the form and it is recorded in dictionaries. In this case, a relative connection forms between form and meaning. Afterward, the speaker can associate a new usage to the form or meaning, based on the conversation situation. In this way, the speaker creates a new meaning or form as “construction” and the listener also interprets that and every time a new concept is created.

 

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In comparison to other grammatical categories, the verb is considered as an abstract category. Due to hearing limitations, deaf people make mistakes in using words that have abstract meanings; therefore, to examine the verb category, the authors collected about 4500 sentences in the writings of 10 deaf female students in the second and third grades of middle school during an academic year in Kermanshah province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the usage of the two most frequent verbs "be" and "have" in the participants' writings. Following this goal, two questions arose: a) relating these verbs, what kinds of semantic errors are found in the writings of the deaf? b) What are the effects of the semantic and cognitive natures of these two verbs on the extent to which they are used and on their associated errors? The results of this study showed that the selectional errors (using the verbs "be" and " have" instead of each other or instead of other verbs), Argument structure errors, and adding an extra “be” verb error are the high-frequency errors, respectively. This shows that despite the overuse of these verbs, participants are not aware of their semantic distinctions of them. Furthermore, Along with the Cognitive Grammar doctrine, the authors believe that since imperfective verbs’ component states do not change and are constant over time are used more than other verbs. In addition, little content and highly schematic characterization of the verb “be” are the main reasons for the overuse of this verb.
 

1. Introduction

People with mild to profound hearing loss encounter challenges in acquiring language categories due to lack of language exposure. Verbs, which are crucial components of propositions, are particularly difficult to learn because of their abstract nature. The difficulties in verb retrieval observed in individuals with various language disorders suggest that producing and comprehending verbs require greater cognitive efforts compared to other categories.
The current study aims to examine how verbs are utilized in the written language of the deaf. In other words, the authors aim to determine whether this category is correctly used by deaf participants or not. It is important to mention that conducting detailed examinations of verbs in the writings of deaf people necessitates a broad scope of studies. Therefore, this research is being undertaken to meticulously examine the semantic and cognitive characteristics of two particular verbs in Persian through a cognitive linguistics approach offered by Langacker (1987).
Based on the authors' initial observations, "to be" and "to have," which are classified as "imperfective" verbs, exhibited a higher frequency than other verbs. However, simultaneously, they were linked to a greater number of errors. This research is necessary because there has been no study from a cognitive and semantic perspective examining verbs in the deaf language production.
 Research Question:

1. What types of semantic errors are evident in association with the verbs "to be" and "to have" in the written language of deaf individuals?
2.  what influences do the semantic and cognitive characteristics of these two verbs have on the frequency of their usage and any related errors?

2. Literature Review

Hassani Jalilian (2020) demonstrated that the deaf students utilized less- prototype verbs to a large extent. The abstract nature of the verb category, the semantic characteristics of less prototype verbs, the limited language exposure, and the different social experiences of the individuals were cited as possible explanations for this phenomenon.
Gheitury and Choubsaz (2017) examined the semantic and linguistic knowledge of 12 deaf students through pictorial and written tasks. The study aimed to assess their knowledge of argument structure, which involved determining the number of arguments each verb required. The result revealed that the deaf participants had a satisfactory comprehension of the semantic properties of verbs as well as the number of arguments each verb took.
In their research, Ormel et al. (2020) explored the difference in semantic knowledge between bilingual deaf children and their hearing peers at different ages. They used images, writing, and sign language to evaluate semantic categorization at the exemplar and subcategory level.  The result of their research indicated that, on average, the semantic knowledge of the deaf children was not well-developed compared to their hearing peers.

3. Methodology

3.1 Participants
To conduct the present study, interviews were carried out with 23 deaf and hard of hearing students as well as their parents and their teachers. Then, 10 deaf individuals who were similar in terms of hearing, physical, cultural, and economic factors were chosen. The average age of the selected participants was 17.2 years (SD = 1.13). A control group of hearing peers matched for age and education was also selected. The deaf group were in the second and third grades of middle school. All deaf participants grew up in monolingual (Persian) families and had not used any specific sign language during their childhood. Instead, they used home signs before starting school.

3.2 Data Collection
The data collection process lasted approximately 7 months during an academic year. The data were collected through weekly meetings (each lasting approximately 20-30 minutes). The participants were asked to write compositions about abstract, less abstract, and concrete subjects. The students were given pictures for less abstract and concrete subjects. In addition, when they needed assistance, their teacher would provide explanations and ensure they clearly understood the concept. Overall, 4504 sentences were collected from the deaf group for further analysis.

4. Results

The findings showed that deaf people faced challenges in using the verb category. In the deaf writings verb diversity was significantly low compared to their hearing group. Selectional errors (using the verbs "be" and " have" instead of each other or instead of other verbs), Argument structure errors and adding an extra “be” verb errors were the high frequency errors, respectively. The errors demonstrated that due to the verbs’ abstract nature and requiring more cognitive load, they cannot be acquired naturally by the deaf individuals. 
Another argument that can be put forward for relying heavily on these two verbs is related to the semantic distinctions between the perfective and the imperfective verbs as proposed in Cognitive Grammar. Imperfective verbs, which have a lower semantic content compared to other types of verbs, are easier for the deaf to learn and use.
Based on the entrenchment phenomenon proposed by Langacker (2008), the frequent use of "be" and "have" led to their status as active linguistic units. This means that when deaf individuals do not have the appropriate verbs in mind, they might substitute these verbs instead. It should be acknowledged that the different ways of using verbs by deaf individuals do not imply that they do not comprehend them, since as stated in the Cognitive Grammar, comprehending verbs requires understanding relationships and tracking time, which is a natural cognitive ability among human beings. That is, a deaf person knows the concept of verbs such as "to break" or "to clean," but due to the lack of linguistic experience, s/he cannot learn the corresponding linguistic labels to use them in necessary situations.
 

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Comment marketing is a digital strategy that uses hashtags and mentions to attract users to websites or Instagram pages. This study sheds new light on the effects of topic drift in comment marketing on customers' shopping attitudes. Accordingly, a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. A sample of 5,000 views from the most popular posts by Digikala Holding Company in 2021-2022 was randomly selected for a qualitative investigation. Following that, 460 views were purposefully selected to be investigated using the integrated research method. Following a review of the most relevant research related to the research variables and based on the qualitative results, the conceptual model of the article was developed. Then, based on the conceptual model of the research, a questionnaire was conducted. After approving the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was administered to 366 Instagram users. Based on research data obtained through a survey and questionnaire test, the analysis of the structural equation method was used to create a pattern based on the study's statistical population. The results showed that Instagram users use various break mechanisms - parasite, mutual referential, and republishing - to disrupt the speech chain to attract users to their Instagram page or website. Furthermore, the break mechanisms of topic drift in the marketing strategy have a linear, positive, and significant effect on social network users' shopping attitudes. Compared to the parasite and republish mechanisms of the break in comment marketing, the mutual reference mechanism positively impacts users' shopping attitudes.


1. Introduction
The digital revolution has placed a whole new set of capabilities in the hands of consumers and businesses. Following that, marketing has not only focused on satisfying consumer needs. Instead, it prefers to empower and enable users to construct the realities which they intend to experience through the construction of communities. Due to this, digital marketing through social networking enables companies to communicate with their customers at relatively low costs. Thus, commenting is one of the online marketing methods that allow users to introduce their content to their website through the sharing of an access link toward their Instagram page, website, or other websites. 
In comment marketing, companies often try to direct the customer to their page by changing the topic or breaking the chain of speech during the discussion of a brand post. In other words, by examining the conversation process - which can be short or long - one can see that the topic at the end of a conversation is very different from that of the beginning. This topic shift has occurred gradually and users are usually unaware of this event. In fact, the ideal conversation is not one in which the chain of turns revolves around a single topic. Instead, there should be a proper balance between the steps that are related to the topic and the steps that take the conversation in a new direction. 
From the viewpoint of discourse as a process, communication and coherence are the consequences of the interaction between users that can be achieved by mutual efforts of both the communicator and the audience. Accordingly, this research is aimed at answering the question that "in the online written conversation, what mechanisms of topic drift are used in the comment marketing to affect the users' shopping attitudes?" Therefore, the first hypothesis of the study is: "The use of topic drift mechanisms of break in comment marketing can affect social network users' shopping attitudes" (The main hypothesis). According to this hypothesis, there are three sub-hypotheses: first, the use of parasitic mechanisms in the comment marketing strategy negatively affects the shopping attitude of users (sub-hypothesis one)." Secondly, the use of mutual reference mechanisms in comment marketing has a positive effect on the shopping attitude of users (sub-hypothesis two). Lastly, the use of republishing mechanisms in comment marketing has a negative impact on the shopping attitude of users (sub-hypothesis three).
In order to discover unknown layers of meaning in a systematic way, a mixed method consisting of qualitative and quantitative methods was applied. Following a review of the most relevant research related to the research variables and drawing upon the qualitative results, the conceptual model of the article was developed. Then, on the basis of a conceptual model of the research, a valid and reliable questionnaire was conducted. Based on research data obtained through a survey and questionnaire test, the analysis of the structural equation method was used. This analysis is used to create a pattern based on the statistical population of the study. 

2. Literature Review
Due to the fact that communication in cyberspace has led to the emergence of extensive communication platforms among the customer (Baker, 2003; Kotler & Keller, 2006; Fırat & Dholakia, 2006; Kotler et al., 2018; Ajina, 2019; Algharabat et al., 2018; Kapoor et al., 2018; Kaur et al., 2018; Lal et al., 2020; Lopes & Casais, 2022), commentary has become a central issue in digital marketing (Bahtar & Muda, 2016; Aibing, 2018). By developing the strategy of comment marketing (Lee et al., 2020; Aibing, 2018;), companies often try to direct the customer to their page by changing the topic or breaking the chain of speech during the discussion of a brand post (Eisend, 2016; Lee et al., 2020). 
However, by looking at the conversation process, one can see that the topic of the conversation ended up being very different from the topic at the beginning of the conversation (Razeghi et al., 2020a; Razeghi et al., 2020b; ). This topic shift, or according to Hobbs (1990, 1) topic drift in the written dialogue (Danesi, 2018; Nouruzi & Arjmandi, 2021; Yus, 2010) has occurred gradually and users are usually unaware of this event (Razeghi et al., 2020a; Tanskanen, 2006). In this regard, coherency (Halliday & Hasan, 1976; Mann & Thompson, 1987; van Dijk, 1977; Schank, 1977; Daneš, 1978; Goutsos, 1997; Halliday, 1985; Abbasi, 2001) and topic drift in discourse analysis (Sarnovsky & Kolarik, 2021; Button & Casey, 1984; Myers, 1998; Hobbs, 1990; Herring & Nix, 1997; Herring, 2003; Razeghi et al., 2020 b) which can inevitably be a controversial issue has not been considered. By considering the vital role of user shopping attitude in the field of marketing, various types of research from a psychological point of view (de Matos et al., 2007; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Schiffman & Kanuk, 1997) in relation to marketing (Kotler et al, 2018; Setiyawati et al., 2017; Holt, 2002; Touzé, 2020; Eisend, 2016) have applied this concept. Meanwhile, the contribution of linguistic and discourse research in this field is very small and is limited to only a few studies (Phillips & Hardy, 1997; Park & Lee, 2019). Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge has studied comment marketing from a discourse analysis point of view on shopping attitude.

3. Methodology
Digi-Kala Instagram's page as one of the most popular holding companies was analyzed during 2021-2022. Instagram had a lower filtering rate during this period when compared to other social networks in Iran, increasing its engagement rate. For this purpose, a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to reveal hidden layers of meaning in a systematic way. As part of a qualitative investigation, a sample of 5000 views published under the most viewed posts published by Digikala's Holding company in the period of 2021-2022 was randomly selected. Following that, 460 views were purposefully selected to be investigated using the integrated research method. Following a review of the most relevant research related to the research variables and based upon the qualitative results, the conceptual model of the article was developed. Then, based on the conceptual model of the research, a questionnaire was conducted. After approving the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was administered to 366 Instagram users. Based on research data obtained through a survey and questionnaire test, the analysis of the structural equation method was used to create a pattern based on the statistical population of the study. After that, the software application used to analyze the data was Amous (0.89 version).

3. Theoretical basis
3. 1. Integrated model
Coherence and topic relevance is a macro-semantic structure, also called the subject of discourse (van Dijk, 1977). It is formed hierarchically by smaller structures (van Dijk, 1977). In conversations, there are general and specific topics that are either covered by the whole conversation or simply by one utterance. Moreover, topics are included in one another and organized in a kind of hierarchy of sub-topics inside topics. In stepwise movement, "any next utterance is built in such a way as to be on topic with a last" (Sacks, 1992b, 300). The stepwise movement involves the development of a topic, while the boundary movement concerns the boundary between topics. In the development of a topic, there is another type of movement which is less controlled and slower than stepwise movement which is "topic drift" (Hobbs, 1990).
In conversations, we find general and specific topics that cover the whole conversation or are contained within one utterance. Moreover, topics are included in one another and organized in a kind of hierarchy of sub-topics inside topics. In stepwise movement, "any next utterance is built in such a way as to be on topic with a last" (Sacks, 1992b, p. 300). In this sense, a stepwise movement concerns the development of a topic whereas a boundary movement concerns the limits between topics. 
In the development of a topic, there is another type of movement which is less controlled and slower than stepwise movement which is "topic drift" (Hobbs, 1990). Hobbs (1985) classified topic drift as 1) a kind of association based on sematic parallelism, 2) chained explanations, or explanations that become topics in their own right, and c) metatalk (evaluation) used as a way of introducing a novel topic (Hobbes, 1985, 3-9). Hobbs (1985) suggests that subsequent discourse segments shift the subject through parallelism, explanations, or metatalk. Herring and Nix (1997) added break to this division. Parallel moves include the introduction of different entities with the same properties as those already mentioned, or other properties of the same entities. Explanations expand on the topic at hand by explaining a previous proposition. Metatalk serves to structure the discourse. Break changes the topic. (Herring and Nix, 1997, 4). In addition to this break, Razeghi et al (2020) add three subclasses: A) Parasite: advertising text intended to be followed by users, B) mutual reference, mention to other matters outside or other sides of the Instagram page, C) republishing: tagging users or mentioning a subject by using # or @ (Razeghi et al., 2020). In general, the mechanism of topic drift and break is shown in the below figure.

Figure 1
 Coherence and Topic drift mechanisms




    



Similarly, the soft and flexible nature of the market in social networks constantly encounters consumers with novel products to influence their shopping attitude (De Matos et al., 2007). Attitude refers to how people view the world. Consumers’ attitude is guided by their beliefs which determines their behavior and purchase intentions. In general, intentions to perform a behavior will be influenced by individual and interpersonal characteristics (Kotler and Armstrong, 2018). 
A large and growing body of literature has investigated the coherence and the topic of discourse (Hobbs, 1990). In addition, more recent attention has focused on the effects of topic drift on conversation flow (Razeghi et al, 2020). Previous work has only focused on the strategy of comment marketing, but the mechanisms of topic drift in comment marketing have not been studied so far. 

3. 2. Conceptual model
The qualitative findings in this study revealed that some users, by publishing their comments, attempt to break the written discourse chain. In addition, they direct traffic by linking to their own website or Instagram page. Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesized that "the usage of topic drift mechanisms in comment marketing has an impact on the shopping attitude of social network users" (The main hypothesis)". This hypothesis itself consists of three sub-hypotheses as "by using Parasite, mutual reference and republishing mechanisms in the comment part of a post, we can have a negative effect on users' shopping attitudes (Hypothesis one)."
In general, on the base of previous studies and our research qualitative investigation, the following conceptual model was obtained, which was used to measure the users of the questionnaire as follows:


Figure 2
Conceptual model of research





4. Results
Research data will be analyzed using structural equation modeling in this section. The structural equation method can study the causal relationships between variables. In general, the hypothesis under consideration in a model of structural equations is a causal structure observed among a set of invisible structures. These structures are measured by a set of observer variables. In this research, Amous software has been used to analyze the structural equations of the proposed research model (Ebrahimi et al., 2022).
Structural equation analysis can be explained with two models of measurement and structural. In this regard, by confirming the data fitness, the investigation of each model will be complete. Fitness is a scale between 1 and -1. Accordingly, as long as a variable's fitness amount is close to one, its effect is higher. Therefore, if the number 1 is obtained, it is the exact variable. If this value is -1, it means that the variable in question has an effect but its effect is reversed.

4. 1. Measurement model
The fitness of our conceptual model is reported based on a set of fitness indicators in the table below. From all the mentioned indicators, it can be seen that the research model has a good fit with the studied data.

Table 1
 Model fit (linear regression)
                Estimate    S.E.    C.R.    P    Label
Shopping attitude    <---    Break        .446    .065    6.908    ***    
Q5    <---    Break        1.000                
Q6    <---    Break        .999    .049    20.588    ***    
Q7    <---    Break        .998    .047    21.291    ***    
Q8    <---    Break        1.015    .049    20.623    ***    
Q9    <---    Break        .965    .049    19.772    ***    
Q10    <---    Break        .829    .052    15.991    ***    
Q16    <---    Shopping attitude        1.000                
Q15    <---    Shopping attitude        .495    .162    3.061    .002    
Q14    <---    Shopping attitude        .328    .149    2.198    .028    
Q13    <---    Shopping attitude        .665    .169    3.929    ***    
Q12    <---    Shopping attitude        .952    .191    4.984    ***    
Q11    <---    Shopping attitude        1.825    .279    6.530    ***    

The table above shows that the relationship between the latent variables and the shopping attitude is significant.
Also, the table below shows the standardized regression coefficient of the relationships between the variables. In general, the standardized regression coefficient of the relationships between the variables, which is often 0.5, indicates the high intensity of this relationship. In general, based on the table below, it can be seen that the relationship between research variables is positive and direct.



Table 2
 Model fitness (standardized linear regression)
            Estimate
Shopping attitude    <---    Break    1.000
Q5    <---    Break    .835
Q6    <---    Break    .859
Q7    <---    Break    .877
Q8    <---    Break    .860
Q9    <---    Break    .838
Q10    <---    Break    .727
Q16    <---    Shopping attitude    .359
Q15    <---    Shopping attitude    .180
Q14    <---    Shopping attitude    .124
Q13    <---    Shopping attitude    .246
Q12    <---    Shopping attitude    .352
Q11    <---    Shopping attitude    .660

According to the fitness model, there is a very high and acceptable relationship between the variables. By studying the questionnaire's internal structure and discovering the independent and latent variables contained within each structure, it was determined that the structures used to measure the independent and present variables are quite appropriate and have the ability to measure these variables.

4. 2. Structural model
The tested conceptual model is presented in the figure below. The numbers written on the lines are actually beta coefficients from the regression equation between the variables, which is the path coefficient.




Figure 2
 Tested research model (path coefficients and operating loads)
 

The above structural model shows the internal relationship between research variables. Indices of the latent variable "topic drift" were evaluated with 12 independent variables. Among these indicators, break with 6 independent variables (parasite with 2 independent variables, mutual reference with 2 independent variables, and republishing rupture with 2 independent variables) were measured. Also, the indicators of shopping attitude as a latent variable were measured by 6 independent variables which were positive, linear, and meaningful.
In general, by analyzing the internal structure of the questionnaire and discovering the constituent factors of each construct or latent variable, and using confirmatory factor analysis tools, it was found that the structures used to measure latent variables are quite suitable for the ability to measure these variables. 
In sum, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of break mechanisms of topic drift on the shopping attitude of social network users. In this regard, some users attempted to break the chain of written discourse by publishing their comments in order to introduce other brands' Instagrams/websites. Based upon quantitative investigation, it was founded that Instagram users benefit from various break mechanisms including parasite, mutual referential, and republishcation to disrupt the speech chain and then attract users to their Instagram page or website. Furthermore, the break mechanisms of topic drift in comment marketing have a linear, positive, and significant effect on social network users' shopping attitudes. Compared to the parasite and republish mechanisms of the break in comment marketing, the mutual reference mechanism has a positive impact on users' shopping attitudes. In this regard, the optimal agreement between the structured model and the experimental data was studied. Then, by applying the structural equations, an appropriate model was designed for the relationship between latent and explicit variables. Finally, the research findings showed that interactive discourse mechanisms can play an influential role in comment marketing due to their capabilities. It is undeniable that identifying and discovering elements of the marketing discourse perspective can contribute to changing users' attitudes as well as building a lasting connection with them.

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Nanoparticles are being used nowadays to improve the mechanical and structural specification of Fiber Reinforced polymers (FRPs) due to production of hybrid & Multi scale composites. Electrophoretic deposition has been utilized to deposit a smooth layer of carbon nanoparticles on the surface of woven glass fibers, and later in the fiber/matrix interface of composite structure. Initially, the experimental parameters in deposition of CNTs investigated. Suspension concentration, field strength and process duration effects has been studied on the quality and quantity of deposition mass. Then the best situation has been used to fabricate CNT reinforced glass fiber-epoxy composite to evaluate its short beam strength and also quasi static indentation performance subject to lateral shear loads. Results demonstrates the salient effect of grafted CNTs in the nanocomposites interface on their mechanical behavior. The interlaminar shear strength of prepared nanocomposites has been increased by 42% regarding control samples and 10% improvement achieved in their quasi static performance. It has been shown that there is a range of optimum values for field and concentration due to stability of process and also deposition mass. The stability of process will restrain the field and concentration in the process. In best practices the current density values encountered between 0.5 and 1 mA/Cm2. The effect of field strength was around 8.5 times, but the effect of concentration was around 5.5 times. The current density diagram was steady in stable processes and the first three minutes of each process known as the effective deposition time.

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Abstract

Wharf is an engineering structure which is constructed generally for loading or unloading of goods. The structure may be constructed on the weak layers like gravel and sand with respect to the bank conditions. In case of incorrect design of this type of structure and its failure, the wharf activities may be stopped for a long time due to damage to adjacent facilities. For this reason, investigating the behavior of coastal structures against failure factors such as earthquake and the liquefaction due to it, is of great importance. Analysis of wharf performance against liquefaction is done generally using the numerical methods. In this article using the Flac2D software which has the capability of nonlinear analysis of effective stress and generation of excess pore water pressure in the soil continuum, the liquefaction phenomenon in the soil surrounding the wharf is simulated using the behavioral model Finn. In continuation, the impact of different earthquake parameters on the wharf behavior is investigated. Finally, the results of the excess pore water pressure, horizontal displacement, soil settlement and bending moment of piles are presented. Then, the correlation between these parameters and different earthquake parameters is investigated. As the earthquake intensity criteria have great importance in terms of statistical assessment of seismic demand of various types of structures, therefore, in this study in order to investigate the quality of earthquake intensity criteria, the determining indices such as being optimal and applicable, efficiency index, sufficiency with respect to the earthquake magnitude and distance to the center of earthquake propagation are investigated. The results show that compatibility between the earthquake parameters and soil settlement is generally better with respect to other parameters.

Keywords: Wharf, liquefaction, dynamic analysis, finite difference method.