Traffic management in cities necessitates the implementation of comprehensive strategies and correct scheduling of demand management in order to reach sustainable development goals. Transportation is the main contributor to urban air pollution imposing high cost to communities. Emission from mobile sources in Tehran is responsible for 85 percent of the total air pollutant emissions. Therefore, assessment of emission rates in different districts may be used as the base for air quality management decisions. Due to the complexity of effective policies that lead to environmental sustainability for reducing the emissions of air pollutants caused by transportation using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches could be an effective and the most appropriate approach.
 Sadr overpass is one of the east to west main corridors in Greater Tehran Area and embeds a large amount of traffic volume. Therefore, assessing different and alternative traffic scenarios and its modeling incorporating air pollution concerns, promotes imposition of the most environmentally preferred traffic demand management policies. This study aims to investigate different alternatives to access Sadr Overpass of Tehran using different ramps and estimating the air pollution caused by the traffic volumes in each access mode. These scenario alternatives have been evaluated using MCDM. Therefore, the different access routes via ramps of Sadr Overpass to its main lanes are considered in terms of the two formerly implemented scenarios. The first implemented scenario is defined as the air pollution caused by the traffic volume due to limitation of access that was implemented before 21 June of 2017. In this period of time, in the east to west direction, the limitation of access to Sadr Overpass was imposed via lower level Sadr ramp in between 7 to 10 AM and during the closure of this ramp, vehicles could access the overpass and Niayesh Tunnel via Qeytarieh and Kaveh ramps. In other side of the overpass, the first ramp leading the lower level is closed at 15 to 21 and vehicles could not access Sadr Expressway via this ramp. The second scenario is defined at the period of time that the limitation of access in both directions, was imposed all over during the day time permanently that is from 21 June 2017 till now.  Air pollution caused by each mode of transportation is modeled using IVE that is an International Vehicle Emission Model to simulated emissions from motor vehicles. The IVE model uses local vehicle technology levels and its distribution and includes emission factors for estimating the air pollutants. Furthermore, these scenarios have been compared using Multiple-Criteria Decision Making approach and the evaluated criteria are the emission rates of motor vehicles, velocity and level of service (LOS) of the expressway. The results show that the evaluated scenarios are ranked as per their level of priority as the first and the second implemented scenarios, respectively. Also, it is shown that in the east to west direction, closure of lower level Sadr ramp in the morning peak time of traffic volume reduces the emission rates of CO pollutants by 10 percent  in that time. Similarly, in the west to east direction, limiting the access to the lower level Sadr ramp during 16-17 hours reduces the CO emissions by 3.5 percent.

Aims: Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in poultry that causes huge economic losses. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a medicinal plant that used traditionally. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of this plant on the Emeria tenella oocysts in vitro.
Materials & Methods: The unsporulated oocysts were obtained by inoculation of 14^th day-old broiler chicks with 75,000 oocysts. To obtain sporulated oocysts, 9g of feces samples was soaked in 2% potassium bichromate and incubated at 27°C for 72h. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra in concentrations of 1, 2, and 5% were prepared and oocysts were exposed to these extracts for 48 hours. Thereafter, the number of sporulated and unsporulated oocysts were counted at 1, 12, 24, and 48 hours. In order to prevent any error, the experiments were repeated three times.
Findings: Both extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra in all tested concentrations cause a significant reduction in the number of sporulated and unsporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts compared with control (p<0.05). The rate of inhibitory effect of extracts had a direct relationship with exposure time, and inhibition was continuously increased over time.
Conclusion: Alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra had a better effect than aqueous extracts. 5% alcoholic extract had the best effect. However, further studies are needed to find the best dose for the most anticoccidial effects and also to show its effects on other species of Eimeria and in animal models.
 

Introduction
Achieving dynamic and vibrant locations has always been one of the major concerns of planners, designers and city managers. This concept in urban neighborhoods, formed at higher levels due to the continued presence of inhabitants as well as the quality of human-location and human-human relations, is influenced by the factors associated with human connection with its residential place, such as place attachment. This case study examines the effect of the multi-dimensional concept of place attachment and its dimension on the vitality of urban neighborhoods.
So the questions of research are:

Methodology
The method used in the study is a mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) and practical in terms of purpose. In the qualitative section, the data gathering tool was a semi-organized interview with 26 people including 14 women and 12 men and a coding analysis method along with a four-step reduction of concepts. In the quantitative part, data was collected through a questionnaire, and data analysis was carried out using SPSS software and drawing the structural equation of variables’ relationships within Amos Graphic software. Statistical society was Ahvaz city residents and sample size was 392 respondents that had completed  in selected neighborhood (Bagh-Sheykh and Kian-Abad) based on randomized population balancing method (respectively 101 and 291 questionnaire).
Results and discussion
In the first step, qualitative semi-organized interview resulted in 17 components and 5 dimensions for the place attachment variable. Quantitative part of research shows that all 5 analyzed components of place attachment are greater than supposed average (3) and the lowest amount is for place dependence. Residents analysis of neighborhoods vitality is significantly greater than supposed average and in Bagh-Sheykh neighborhood, it is greater a little more than Kian-Abad, although this  difference is in not statistically significant. While confirming the fit of the designed model of the main research variables (value χ^2⁄df =4.908 & RMSEA= 0.100), also, the results of the quantitative part supports the direct and significant impact of place attachment on urban vitality (the standard coefficient of the route is 0.806 and the significance coefficient is less than 0.0001). Also, the direct effects model of five-fold dimension of place attachment on urban vitality, confirms the direct effect of place identity dimensions, emotional-cognitive connection, and place dependence on the vitality of urban neighborhoods; showing that place identity is the most effective dimension of place attachment concerning urban vitality.
Conclusion
This research confirmed the positive effect of place attachment of residents on vitality of Ahvaz city neighborhoods and showed that place identity is the most important effective component of place attachment on vitality of Ahvaz city neighborhoods. So, in general, since forming of vitality in urban neighborhoods is connected with place and affected by place-base communities, yet  vitality is one of components of urban spaces qualities, so this concept is related with qualities of people-place links such as place attachment.