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Spilomena bobyjosei Girish Kumar & Amal sp. nov., a new species of aphid wasp in the genus Spilomena Shuckard, 1838, is described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. This genus is rarely collected from the Indian subcontinent, and most species are described from a single specimen. The genus can be distinguished from closely related genera in having occipital carina absent, hind wing media not diverging before Cu-a, fore wing with marginal cell elongate (longer than stigma), one recurrent vein and two discoidal cells present, stigma large and pronotal collar with complete transverse carina. To date, ten species have been described from India. This paper adds an eleventh species. The differential diagnosis with its nearest species is provided. Additionally, a key to the Indian species of Spilomena is provided.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of social factors on generalized social confidence among Urmia residents. The population of this study included all members of families who lived in city of Urmia in Iran and, at the time of investigation, were more than 18 years old. Among this population a sample of 300 people were selected and were asked to complete a questionnaire constructed for this investigation. Using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, the results indicate that the independent variables of articulated interactions, expansion of relations, social obligations, and social acceptance influence the dependent variable of generalized confidence. It has been concluded that, the theory of social confidence that considers human being as both rational and emotional and investigates social confidence on this suggestion has been experimentally supported. Finally, it is of our findings that level of generalized social confidence among Urmia residents was shown to be low.

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The genus Spilomena Shuckard, 1838, is reviewed from the Indian subcontinent. One new species, Spilomena keralaensis Rajan, Sureshan & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and differences from similar species are given.

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A new species of tiphiid wasp, namely, Tiphia kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from Kashmir, India. Male of Tiphia khasiana is described for the first time. Key to species of Tiphia from the Indian subcontinent of Allen (1975) is modified here to accommodate the new species and male of T. khasiana.

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Increasing roads become the serious conservation threats to the animal populations. The most direct effect of roads on them is deadly collision with vehicles, leading to high levels of injury or death. Estimates of detectability of road-killed higher vertebrates have been determined but not for the invertebrates like butterflies, although they are frequently killed insects group on roads. This is the first comprehensive mortality census of road-killed butterflies in Nepal. The main aim of this study was to estimate the detectability of road-killed butterflies in Mahendra Highway, the busiest highway in Nepal. We established eight transects, each of 500 m long within the randomly selected forest and human settlement landscapes. Pearson’s correlation was calculated to test the link between the number of road-killed and living butterflies. All together 1000 butterfly individuals were counted throughout the study periods including road-killed and living butterflies. Among them, 364 butterflies were counted raodkilled whereas 636 butterflies were living. Forest landscape contributed higher number in both road-killed and living butterflies than human settlement landscape. Also, the number of butterflies killed on the roads were significantly correlated with number of living butterflies on the road. Our results indicate that road has the significant impact on loss of butterfly population. Also, higher the number of living butterflies more will be road mortality. The public awareness and maintaining the habitats with high forbs cover, gardening, avoid depositing asphalts, etc. in the vicinity of road can denigrate the rate of road mortality of butterflies.

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 Discussion and research in different rhetorical and semantic aspects of the Quran, and especially the syntactic and rhetorical aspects, have astonished the Quranic researchers of every age. Among these rhetorical issues is the discussion of the Tanwin and its hidden intentions and purposes. This unique phenomenon of the Arabic language, which is widely used in the Holy Quran, has other secondary meanings that are sporadically mentioned in the syntactic books, in addition to its original meaning (indicating indefinite noun). By carefully reflecting on the Quranic verses, it appears that the Tanwin has other implications such as, amongst other things, magnification, reduction, proliferation, diversification, humiliation, generalization. A field survey of the Farsi translations of the Quran shows that most translators have not paid much attention to the Tanwin and its other semantic implications, and have largely meant it to indicate indefinite nouns. In this study, it has been attempted to criticize and analyze the semantic aspects of the Tanwin and its different implications in some of the Quranic verses translation by Abdurrahman Pirani et al. The results show that paying attention to the semantic and implicating dimensions of the Tanwin can be an effective step towards enhancing the semantic levels of Quranic expressions and discovering the rhetorical-semantic layers of this divine book. But this translation, along with many of its more prominent features, does not pay much attention to the secondary meanings of the Tanwin, and this has led to some divergence from some of the sublime meanings and concepts in the Quranic vocabulary.

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Diaphanes lutescens was originally described by Walker, 1858, using specimens from Sri Lanka. The systematics and biology of this species has been unexplored since it was first described in the early eighteenth century. This paper provides a detailed description of systematics and biology of the identified male, female and larvae of D. lutescens with their areas of incidence and habitat types in Sri Lanka. Females and larvae were identified when they were associating with males in the same habitat. Remarks of their flashing patterns and flying behaviour are addressed.

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The genus Sphex Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) is studied from India and key to Indian species is provided. The state-wise distributions of four species of Sphex are augmented here. A new synonymy is proposed: Sphex zubaidiyacus Augul, 2013 = S. obscurus (Fabricius, 1804).

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The crabronid wasp, Solierella turneri Dutt, 1917 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) is newly recorded from various regions of India and female is described. Hitherto, the S. turneri Dutt has been only reported from northern India (Pusa of Bihar), the current record extends its range to southern India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka).

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The Sri Lankan species, Methocha ubiquita Krombein, 1982 is newly reported for the fauna of India. Differential characters, figures, distribution map and comparisons of the newly recorded species with original description of type material are provided.

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A new species of the genus Ceratina Latreille, 1802 is described from Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya, India. The new species is assigned to the subgenus Ceratinidia Cockerell & Porter, 1899 which was previously represented by seven species from mainland India. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) bryanti Cockerell, 1919 is also reported for the first time from India. Diagnostic features are elaborated and illustrated and distinguishing characters are discussed from closely allied species Ceratina (Ceratinidia) bryanti Cockerell, 1919. Type localities mapped and augmented. An updated checklist of Ceratina species and their distribution in India is mapped and discussed.

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Species of the genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 from India are studied. The species C. gracile Hensen, 1988 is recorded for the first time from India. The reported distributions of C. bengalense Dahlbom, 1845 within various states of India are augmented here. A modified key to the species of Chalybion from India is provided. Diagnosis, figures, and table showing comparison of newly recorded species, i.e., C. gracile with the widely distributed C. bengalense is provided. Diagnostic morphological characters of both C. gracile and C. bengalense are illustrated here.

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Luciola nicollieri Bugnion, 1922 is one of the sixteen originally described Luciolinae from Sri Lanka. Specimens of L. nicollieri have been re-discovered in 2022 almost after 100 years of its first description, and their identity was confirmed by comparison with the original description, photos of their type specimen and based on expert’s views. Flightless female is associated and described for the first time, males re-described, with details of external morphology, genitalia pattern, flashing behavior and habitat ecology. After examining the types and the generic features of their genetalia, L. nicollieri is placed herein to the category of Luciola Laporte s. str. transferring from Luciola sensu lato. Also a key to the species of Luciola recorded from Sri Lanka is provided.

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Range extension of the square-headed wasp, Vechtia rugosa (F. Smith, 1858), which is primarily the Southeast Asian species, towards India is presented. A key to species and subspecies of the genus Vechtia Pate, 1944 is also provided with illustrations of V. rugosa rugosa (F. Smith, 1858). The known distribution of the Vechtia species in Southeastern Asia is also discussed.

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The genus Piyumoides Leclercq, 1963 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) is a rarely reported genus of crabronid wasp, till now not much is known about the genus. In the present study, we are reporting for the first time the distribution of Piyumoides Leclercq, 1963 from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species Piyumoides indicus Amal & Girish Kumar sp. nov. from the Western Ghats. The newly described species closely allies with the Malaysian species P. hewitti (Cameron, 1908) by having a propodeal enclosure without bordering carinae, without distinct basal striae, and having a vestigial pygidial plate. A key to the species of the genus Piyumoides is also provided with illustrations of the new species.

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Andreimyrme substriolata (Chen, 1957) and Odontomutilla fletcheri Lelej, Terine & Girish Kumar, 2020 (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) are newly reported from India. O. fletcheri was only recorded from Sri Lanka till now & A. substriolata was only known from various Southeast Asian countries (China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam), in the present study these species are discovered from India which pronounce the geographical affinities of India with Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries and vice versa. Diagnosis, figures, distribution maps and remarks of these species are provided.

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A new species of tiphiid wasp, namely, Tiphia (Tiphia) andhraensis Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from Andhra Pradesh in the southern coastal region of India based on the female holotype. The new species is described, illustrated and compared with congeneric species. The diagnostic character of the new species is the presence of a strong, median longitudinal carina on posterior side of propodeum. The new species described here was collected from the Mudasarlova reservoir area of the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. The previous key to the species of Tiphia from the Indian subcontinent is modified to accommodate the new species. This new species is the first tiphiid wasp described from Andhra Pradesh.

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This research is designed to produce detailed descriptions of the morphological ergativity in three South Asian languages. The chosen sample includes Hindi/Urdu, Pashto and Balochi, as morphologically enough to achieve the goals and generalizations of the research. The study presents the range of variation in case and agreement marking in these South Asian descendants of the common Indo-Iranian language, in which the distinct systems of ergative case marking and agreement is to be compared, both within the nominal and verbal domain. While these individual languages are common examples of morphological ergativity, the range of variation among these languages has not been examined comparatively. The goals of this research are twofold. After a comprehensive overview, we present a detailed typology of ergative marking and agreement in the predetermined languages, demonstrating their common split ergative behavior. This process is manifested in two distinct strategies of markedness: Differential Case Marking (DCM) [including Differential Subject Marking (DSM), as well as Differential Object Marking (DOM); Aissen 1999] in the nominal domain, and marked agreement in the verbal domain; which is considered within a comparative account. It will be seen that the ergative marking and agreement patterns are not uniform across these languages. The overt morphological expression of case marking occurs of varying degrees in their nominal paradigms, while in the verbal paradigm the ways in which agreement morphology cross references arguments illustrates the common default agreement with the nominative argument in all three systems. The study proceeds as follows. First the range of variation in case and subject (St) marking in the sample will be presented, together with an overview of morphological ergativity. Following this, the typological splits, indicating the strategies of markedness and the variation in case marking splits (DCM), including both differential subject marking (DSM) and differential object marking (DOM), will be examined through the study. The effect of differential object marking (DOM) on verb agreement is considered next; and finally, a summary of the typology of variation in the domain of the study will be presented. Noteworthy is that the acheived comparative patterns can be considered as representatives of languages in the Indo-Iranian family.

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 Reduce the quality of traditional breads in recent years related to the type of flour and bread production process is not hidden from anyone. Traditional Iranian breads are prepared from flour with high extraction rate, which contains high amount of minerals, vitamins and fibers, but the presence of high levels of phytic acid prevent absorbing precious minerals in the body and are irreparable harm to the consumers. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of phytic acid in the flour marketed in Ahwaz to bake traditional flat breads, Lavash, Taftoon, Sangak and Barbari, and effect of processing on the content of the primary phytic acid. The results showed that phytic acid of flours was high (91.464 mg/100 gr. flour) and prepared dough and baking bread conditions had not a significant reduction in phytic acid so that the maximum reduction was observed in Barbari bread (33.4 %) and the lowest decrease in Lavash bread (15.79 %), respectively. On the other hand, the mean level of zinc was 592 mg in hundred grams of flour and average of phytic acid mole ratio to zinc was shown 63.67, so bioavailability of zinc was deteriorating. The results indicated that the present baking procedures had not an appreciable effect on reduction of the amount of phytic acid in breads. Due to the high level phytic acid in flours is recommended to considering the amount and type of fertilization in field conditions, baking conditions of bread to be reformed in Ahwaz.  

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Marine transportation is the most conventional method for transportation of natural gas, mostly liquid form; namely, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to international far market. Hereon provide safe transportation of natural gas is very important. In the event of exterior material contact to LNG, swift boiling and exploding anticipated. The paper, investigates thermo physical water contact (0oC as a fluid with higher temperature) with liquid methane (cause the similarity of thermo physical properties to LNG) at low temperature (-162oC). The intensity of heat transfer between water particle and liquefied methane resulted to swift pressure increase in vapor film. It causes the generation and swift growth of methane vapor film which has been resulted from abrupt evaporation and results to liquid methane explosion. In this situation, the intense vapor explosion phenomena, endangers the safety of system. Mathematical model of these phenomena has been developed by assuming saturation condition on interface phase. Then, the effects of different thermo physical parameter changes on vapor film growth have been investigated. Based on the results, in some cases, the vapor pressure pulse created in the film has been more than 3 times the initial pressure, which can endanger the safety of system.