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The complex and stochastic nature of the electro-discharge machining (EDM) process has frustrated numerous attempts of physical modeling. In this paper two supervised neural networks, namely back propagation (BP), and radial basis function (RBF) have been used for modeling the process. The networks have three inputs of current (I), voltage (V) and period of pulses (T) as the independent process variables, and two outputs of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) as performance characteristics. Experimental data, employed for training the networks and capabilities of the models in predicting the machining behavior have been verified. For comparison, quadratic regression model is also applied to estimate the outputs. The outputs obtained from neural and regression models are compared with experimental results, and the amounts of relative errors have been calculated. Based on these verification errors, it is shown that the radial basis function of neural network is superior in this particular case, and has the average errors of 8.11% and 5.73% in predicting MRR and Ra, respectively. Further analysis of machining process under different input conditions has been investigated and comparison results of modeling with theoretical considerations shows a good agreement, which also proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the adopted approach.

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Miracle of the Prophet of Islam, unlike the miracles of other Prophets was the book. This book was sent among people that were known for rhetoric. Rhetorical miracle is one of the miracles of this holy book. This immortals book with particular eloquence tries to explain the facts. Facts that are adorned in the beautiful forms that affects the spirit of the listeners. In this study among the variety of linguistic tropes and structures that should be considered in translation process, we have tried to analyze some aspects of the rhetorical structures. In this regard, some examples from the Quran are provided and with a contrastive linguistic approach in a comparing discussion, we survey translation problems. 
 

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Aims: Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants in earth and water environments due to long-term durability. The aim of this study was to isolate phosphate solubilizing bacteria from metal waste, investigate the amount of resistance, remove the metal by it and the effect of phosphatase on removal of metals.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and detection of isolates were carried out, using biochemical and molecular tests. The phosphatase was measured by colorimetric method, the resistance of the separated to the metals with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₅₀), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the rate of removal of metals by atomic absorption was measured. The surface changes of the exposed metal cells were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the effect of phosphatase on metal removal. Data analysis was done with Duncan's test, using Excel 2013 and SPSS 20 software.
Findings: Serratia proteamaculans was identified as producer of the acid phosphatase. The highest MIC and MBC were obtained for Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb), respectively. The most metal removal was for Pb. MIC₅₀ of Chrome and Cadmium were obtained less than 0.1mM and 1mM, and their removal percentage by the isolate were 18% and 48%, respectively. According to the FTIR, 988.339cm^-1 wavelength was observed in the cells treated by 5mM Pb that is related to the Pb₃(PO₄)₂. The isolate showed the highest resistance and removal of Pb. The mechanism of Ni removal was associated to the cell surface, while Pb was removed by both of the cells and supernatant containing phosphatase.
Conclusion: Serratia proteamaculans is the phosphate solubilizing bacterium in metal waste. This bacterium produces an enzyme called phosphatase, which is a cause of lead removal.

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In this article, we tried to analyze administrative- Financial barriers of economic rationalization by utilizing the theoretical approach of Max Weber. In this regard, firstly, we analyzed the characteristics of the public finance organization based on the collective commitment (Liturgical) of the villages, ils (tribes) and guilds in the period Qajar. Then we studied components such as the domination of the livelihoods economy; the suppression of individualism and the expansion of the economy and the division of labor; the lack of competitiveness of the economy in the world system; the weak social mobility as the outcomes of the general tax system governing this period. In the end, based on research findings, the concept of Communal Rationalism has been presented as a theoretical modification with the historical particularity of Qajar Iran.

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In this paper, dry electro-discharge machining (Dry EDM), one of the newest machining processes which differs mainly from conventional EDM in using gaseous dielectric along with tool electrode rotation, has been studied. Gap voltage, discharge current, pulse-on-time, pulse-off time, dielectric gas pressure, and electrode rotational speed have been considered as effective input parameters. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to optimize the machining performance with respect to material removal rate (MRR). Base on the results and analysis of running experiments, it can be concluded that MRR increases by increasing gap voltage, discharge current, the ratio of pulse-on time over pulse-off time, input gas pressure, and electrode rotational speed. There also exists an optimum amount of pulse-on time determined according to the machining circumstances. Also the material removal rate in dry EDM has been improved compared with that in conventional EDM in identical conditions. Keywords: Dry electro-discharge machining (Dry EDM), Gaseous dielectric, Response surface methodology (RSM) Keywords: Dry electro-discharge machining (Dry EDM), Gaseous dielectric, Response surface methodology (RSM) Keywords: Dry electro-discharge machining (Dry EDM), Gaseous dielectric, Response surface methodology (RSM)

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Offshore platforms are exposed to random cyclic loads imposed on the structure by natural phenomena including waves, sea currents, wind and etc, so fatigue analysis of these structures is one of the most important design steps. Hot spot method is one of the most common techniques for evaluating of the fatigue life of offshore platforms. In this approach, the stress adjacent to the weld is estimated by extrapolation from the stress distribution approaching the weld, as obtained by finite element method or perhaps from strain measurements on the surface. In order to calculate the fatigue life of Amir Kabir semi-submersible drilling platform, first a model of platform is created. Then according to the environmental conditions of the Caspian sea, hydrodynamic forces exerted on the platform are calculated. The simulated hydrodynamic forces are then applied to the platform structure for calculating the stress and strain fields in the whole structure. It is found that the intersection of column and pontoon is the critical section of the platform and hence the fatigue life of the structure is predicted in terms of conditions of this location.

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Laser processes are widely used for surface properties improvement of parts and components. Laser cladding, using laser as heat source, is an innovative method that can be used for improving surface properties. In this investigation, preplaced technique of laser cladding process of WC powder on Inconel 718 using pulsed Nd:YAG laser is studied. A number of parameters affect the energy density in the process, ultimately affecting the clad quality and geometry. In this study, laser average power, pulse width, focal distance, scanning speed and pre- placement factors are input parameters, while clad dilution, fusion depth, porosity and number of cracks are outputs. It is observed that hard phases are formed on Inconel surface in-situ by laser beam radiation and small changes are made in the substrate properties in a limited zone. Experimental results reveal that energy density of the laser beam is the most important factor affecting the number of cracks in laser cladding process. Also, dilution and porosity are highly affected by laser average power. Furthermore, in multi-pass laser cladding process, 50% overlap between adjacent passes has good results. Experimental results show that by concise arrangement of input parameters, one can achieve to an optimum clad layer. Thus, laser cladding process can efficiently supersede other conventional methods.

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The purpose of the present research is to investigate effects of long multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on mechanical properties of epoxy resin and unidirectional glass fiber reinforced laminated polymeric composites. Therefore, mechanical properties of polymer (pristine resin), 0.5 wt.% MWCNT/epoxy nano-composites, E-glass/epoxy laminated composites and 0.5 wt.% MWCNT/E-glass/epoxy laminated nano-composites were evaluated. The tensile, flexural and shear moduli and strengths of epoxy polymer and nano-composites were experimentally characterized. Next, the longitudinal and transverse tensile stiffness and strength, also in-plane shear and flexural moduli and the strength of glass fiber laminated composites and glass fiber laminated nano-composites were determined. The experiment results of tensile specimens of laminated nano-composites reveal that the presence of the long MWCNTs improves the bounding properties of fibers in adjacent plies and postpones the failure mechanisms like fiber fracture under tension or edge delamination under shear loading conditions. It can be concluded that the improvement of mechanical properties in laminated composites are more significant than those of the pure epoxy with addition of long multiwall carbon nanotubes. For instance, the longitudinal tensile strength and shear strength of laminated nanocomposites increased by 34% and 26% in comparison with laminated composites, respectively.

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Steady population growth resulted in increasing the land prices which lead to construction of deep excavation. Therefore the use of underground spaces is economically acceptable. One of the most important issues in the design of underground spaces and deep foundation pits is the existence of groundwater and how to control it. The influence of groundwater on a structural project can be very extensive and it may affect the structural design, performance and the total cost of the project significantly. Many problems related to ground water have been observed in excavation sites recently. Those problems have made significant delays in construction process and sometimes lead to significant re-design of the entire operation process. Considering the negative influence of groundwater on the reinforcement system, (e.g. nailing and anchoring) as well as the difficulty of excavation process under wet condition, water must be pumped out from the excavation area. The process of ground water discharge from the construction area which results in lowering the ground water level in that area is called dewatering. Dewatering operation may lead to ground settlement in the vicinity of construction pit which may damage the building. Although the damage due to ground settlement may be negligible, the potential consequences, especially in connection with claims of third parties, requires sufficient attention. In recent years, dewatering and lowering groundwater levels along deep foundation pits subway tunnels in urban environments caused some significant ground subsidence. The mechanism of this type of ground subsidence is that due to water drainage from the soil layers, the hydraulic pressure decreases leading to an increase in the density of the soil and therefore, ground settlement. Dewatering can leads to ground subsidence in different ways where some of them are as: a) removing the finer soil particles from the ground during water pumpage due to a poor pumping performance, b) in the case of dewatering by pumping water from the floor of excavation pit, piping and boiling can reduce the soil strength properties, leading to a failure in the soil mass and c) compaction of the compressible soils or crushable sandy soils due to increasing the effective stress. Some methods such as cut off walls and artificial injection can be used to reduce the ground settlement due to dewatering, but these methods are very time consuming and costly. Furthermore, methods such as artificial injection may have low efficiency and cause environmental effects. Therefore providing a new technique for reducing the dewatering induced ground settlement in less time and cost is necessary. The strategy proposed in this study is to apply a step by step dewatering method, by setting pumping from drainage wells, coincides with the excavation process. For this purpose the PLAXIS2D software is employed as a finite element method to model the settlement due to dewatering. This operation could be applied by modeling two deep foundation pits with the same structures and different groundwater conditions. The proposed step by step method was modeled in this software by estimating the excavation time and coinciding it with water pumping. Step by step dewatering method has some advantages such as reducing the amount of settlement behind the wall and asymmetric ground settlement under adjacent foundation, reducing the amount of water pumping out of the ground, decreasing the Mohr-Coulomb full plastic points in the range of geogrids and reducing the time and cost of dewatering.

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In orthopedic surgeries, the bone drilling is one of the most important biomechanic processes that has used. ،This mechanical process is very important, sensitive and all-purpose in biomechanical engineering, because its complexity and special conditions. Bone drilling process has advanced by roboots and CNC machin entrance into the realm of orthopedic surgeries. The problematic issue during operation is the high increase in drilling process temprature which leads to the so-called thermal necrosis . It is not clear quality of enfluence of tool rotational speed and feed rate on the temprature and force responses and so it can be seen confilicts among different researcher results frequently. In this paper it is performed mathematical modeling and design of experiments on the input factors and output parameters of bone drilling. The effect of input factors and interaction of input factors have investigated. Increasing rotational speed the temperature increases where as the feed rate behavior is complex because contact duration between drill bit and bone so the increasing temperature take places because the low feed rate or increasing force and friction. In addition increasing the drill bit diameter increases the tempratures. Also the sobol sensitivity analysis method has used to investigate effect of each parameter in which rotational speed, feed rate and drill bit diameter have most effect respectiviely on temperature instantaneously. Also optimization process performed on temperature behavior, hence the minimum temprature is 37 0C when the diameter of drill bit 2.5 mm, rotational speed 500 rpm and feed rate 30 mm/min.

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Laser percussion drilling is one of the advanced drilling processes that its numerous advantages have extended the applications of this process. This study focuses on experimental investigation of laser percussion drilling using Nd:YAG laser on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V sheets with various thickness which is widely used in industry. In this paper the effects of the input parameters peak power, pulse width, frequency, assist gas type, gas pressure and sheet thickness on the most important process outputs include hole entrance diameter, hole exit diameter, hole taper angle, hole entrance circularity and hole exit circularity were studied. Statistical analysis was employed to analyze the experimental data and significant parameters in each response are presented. For conducting the experiments “Design of Experiments” method and for modelling “Response Surface Methodology” were used. The results obtained show that sheet thickness affects all outputs. After that frequency and pulse width, peak power and assist gas type respectively are the most significant parameters influence process outputs. Gas pressure only affects the hole entrance circularity. For this alloy to achieve a hole with high quality, it is recommended to work at lower peak power and frequency, shorter pulse width and higher assist gas pressure with Nitrogen as assist gas.

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A study was conducted to compare the effects of different levels of a suspension of Scenedesmus Microalgae (SM) on growth, immune response, carcass traits, and some blood parameters of broilers. Two hundred 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to each of 5 dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of: T1 (100% drinking water), T2 (50% drinking water+50% SM), T3 (25% drinking water+75% SM), T4 (100% SM) and T5 [(Basal diet (BD) + 2.5 mg Virginamycin kg^-1 diet)] with 4 replicate cages of 10 birds each. The birds receiving T3 and T4 had higher feed intake compared with the control and antibiotic groups at 1-10 days (P< 0.001). Water replacement by 100% SM increased body weight (P< 0.001) and reduced feed conversion ratio (P< 0.05) in broilers. Inclusion of 100% SM increased SRBC antibody titer in primary and secondary responses compared to that of the control group. (P< 0.05). The birds receiving T4 had lower serum content of triglycerides and cholesterol compared with the control group (P< 0.05). Chickens at the T4 group showed higher relative breast weight compared with the control group (P< 0.05). It was concluded that SM at the levels of 75 and 100% can improve growth performance, immune responses, and some blood parameters of broiler chicks.
 

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In the current study, the effect of different new extraction methods including supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO₂), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and also conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) were investigated on bioactive compounds recovery from Silybum marianum seed. The crude extraction yield (22.40± 0.15%) was obtained using CSE, while the efficiency of SC-CO₂ and MAE were about 89 and 50% of those obtained using CSE. The highest free radical scavenging activity in terms of DPPH and HO radicals was obtained in extract obtained using SC-CO₂. From the TPC analysis, the highest and lowest value was determined in extracts obtained using SC-CO₂ (102.93± 0.14 mg GAE/g) and CSE (14.50± 0.18 mg GAE/g), respectively. Fatty acid composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Linoleic and oleic acids were determined as the main fatty acids. Finally, it can be concluded that S. marianum seed is a potential source of bioactive compounds and new extraction techniques of SC-CO₂ and MAE could be suggested as promising methods to substitute conventional method for successful recovery of bioactive compounds.
 

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In this Study, the necessary force of the isothermal forging process of disc piece of aluminum alloy AA7075 was analyzed and calculated by theoretical methods and finite elements method. In the simulation of the isothermal forging process in Deform software, were selected the temperature of 400 °C, the speed of top mold of 0.1 mm/s and the shear friction coefficient of 0.075 as process parameters. The necessary force of isothermal forging was obtained 80 tons in 6.18 mm Motion Course for disc piece by analyzing the simulation results of finite element method in DEFORM software. The axisymmetric slip line field method was used to estimate the forming force of the isothermal forging of the closed die before of the flash filling, which obtained 23.54 tons. The comparison forming force of isothermal forging of disc piece by theory method with the results obtained from finite element simulation showed that the forming force corresponds very well with the force-displacement diagram is compatible. The geometry of billet, the final top and bottom dies and assembly drawing of isothermal forging process of disc piece of aluminum 7075 dies were calculated by assuming a constant volume in plastic deformation.