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In the framework of stylistic discourse analysis, literature is a container to express ideas and concepts which are not only relevant to their creator, but also they are in connection with the context in which the text is produced. Yet, literature is the product of discourse where it is developed and all factors like environment, context, cultural issues and dominant ideology of the period in which the specific text is generated affect the growth and visibility of it. In Persian literature, Khorasani style is the product of discourse that its dominant face is full of philosophical thoughts and particularly rationality. This period is influenced by rational thoughts and intellectuality and NaserKhosro's poems, as one of well- known and effective poets and one of the most noticeable representatives of 5^th century literature, is regarded as a dominant sample of this conceptual indicators. Notable point in his poems is the influence of philosophical and religious thoughts, so that a large part of his odes court was devoted to this subject matter. In stylistic layered analysis of this poet's odes, dominant and cultural discourse of Khorasani period in which frequency of philosophical and logical subjects are notable shows specific style of the poet. In this study, based on stylistic layer analysis, in order to specify appearance of dominant- intellectual and cultural discourse of the period in the light of lexical and syntactic style, two layers of vocabulary and syntax of a number of his odes' court are analyzed.
 

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 Kashmir is a geographical region in the north-west of the Indian high mountains of the Himalayas. Kashmiri language is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and the other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri language is a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages. It is due to prolonged contact between Kashmiri and Persian languages from 14^thto 19^thcentury, Persian language has left deep influence of linguistic features and literary styles on Kashmiri language. This influence could be studied in three parts: lexical borrowing, phonological changes and grammatical borrowing. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of Persian language in the valley of Kashmir and Kashmiri language, form the language borrowing perspective by using library resources and previous works to confirm and reveal the cultural ties between Iran and Kashmir from ancient times and in different historical periods. Novelty of the research is to study Persian fundamental influence on the Kashmiri language and suggests that this influence is due to spread of Islam in this region by Muslim (Iranian) mystics and missionaries. Research results indicate that the influence of Persian language, in addition to lexical borrowings, has caused deep changes in the grammatical other constructions of Kashmiri language and if this influence had continued, based upon the reasons mentioned above, perhaps,this language would have been replace with Persian.
 
 
 

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Narration of the Risalat al-tayr (TREATISE OF THE BIRDS) has an important place among the educational works in Persian Literature. In each story, value/s are defined by means of actors trying to achieve them.  The narrator makes an attempt to get the actor to the axiological system of story and create narrative periods. By Narrative periods we mean that from the 1960s (the peak of structuralism till now), narrations have been based on a model, each period is different from the other in terms of theoretical and semeiotic and semantic aspects. Semiotics and semantics tries to categorize the narrative periods of classic and modern literature. Identification and exploration of narrative periods of Farsi and Arabic Risalat al-tayr with focus on investigation of axiological system of dialogue allows us to move beyond this generation and provide a model for narrative division of the literary texts.
In this regard, the purpose of this research is to investigate the narrative periods based on Manṭiq al-ṭayr (conference of birds) by Attar in order to explain the related model to study the narrative systems. Narrative periods make us encounter with the transformation of the narration. For this purposes, one of the research goal is to provide the narrative periods based on Manṭiq al-ṭayr in order to provide a comprehensive method to literary text analysis.  It is assumed that in Manṭiq al-ṭayr this function has a multiple concept. In other words, the actor experiences different periods to reach the value. Other questions are also as follows: what are the underlying components of the axiological system in   Risalat al-tayr? How these components are organized?  With investigation of Risalat al-tayr, which is the suitable method to measure the effect of the stories on each other. Risalat al-tayr uses a unique similitude in storytelling, for this reason, it benefits from a special kind of narration.  So, by investigating the narration of this text, it is possible to understand the mentality of the narrator and depict the effect of these stories based on their narrative style in order to reach a model of studying the narrative transformation. To this end, the authors have adopted Paris school Semiotic approach. The findings of the present research indicate that the Risalat al-tayr is totally composed of narrative periods including “Programmed Actional Regime, “Interactional  system based on dialogue  and negotiations” “ Actional  regime based on competence” , “ Passive tension” , “ Sensible paradigm based on subject adjustment to the existence”, and “ attraction- correlation and assessment”. First and second periods are called tension periods and are an introduction to the periods of action, sensation, and assessment. Only Manṭiq al-ṭayr by Attar contains all these periods. In other treatises, only some of these periods are observed. In the first three periods and the period of assessment, the value of thing is outside the actors and in the periods of tension, sensation and attraction, the value is in the subject. In all of these texts, the value is added one by one to the text.

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Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’s Language Universals.
Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation.The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through interrogative words. By using interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed.
According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “VSO” structures. Additionally, since interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions.
Furthermore, it is recognized that interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “SOV” structures.
 The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the interrogative word of “why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “why” and other elements such as “interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.
 
 

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Cognitive poetics as one of the new branches of cognitive science, provides appropriate tools for analyzing the text for the literay critics. The theory of text worlds is one of these tools and is useful in analyzing the textual space. In this study the authors seek to analyze the function of this theory in representing the world of constructed text in Persian poetry. To this goal, the authors  analyzed a sonnets of Saadi and a free verse poem of Nima, and examined the function of the theory of the text worlds. The results of this study indicate that this theory is more suitable for the analysis of free verse poetry, and in classical poetry, especially the liryc poetry, there are obstacles due to the inherent limitations of this kind of poetry. To solve the problems of classical poetry analysis, the authors have presented solutions using the theory of text worlds.

1. Introduction
Cognitive poetics as one of the new branches of cognitive science, provides appropriate tools for analyzing the text for the literary critics. The theory of text worlds is one of these tools and is useful in analyzing the textual space. Our purpose in this study is to analyze the function of this theory in representing the world of constructed text in Persian poetry. To this goal, we analyzed a sonnets of Saadi and a free verse poem of Nima, and examined the function of the theory of the text worlds. The results of this study indicate that this theory is more suitable for the analysis of free verse poetry, and in classical poetry, especially the lyric poetry, there are obstacles due to the inherent limitations of this kind of poetry. To solve the problems of classical poetry analysis, we have presented solutions using the theory of text worlds.
The article can be elaborated in more detail: Text world theory is one of the tools of cognitive poetics that provides the reader with the ability to carefully examine the components of a text. This theory has a coherent method for modern literary analysis because it explores internal elements and then analyzes the evolution of text discourses. The present research has demonstrated in practice that this theory is a tool for accessing discourse and the constituent elements of Persian poetic texts. An important point that the interpreter must consider in analyzing the text world of classical poetry is to pay attention to the elements of discourse and not to examine grammatical sentences.
In the analysis of poetry, this theory, more than anything else, deals with the context of the text and the explanation of the textual elements of the poem, and does not have the special ability to examine the rhetorical elements of the text. At the same time, in the course of our research, we have shown that despite the limitations of this theory in dealing with the rhetorical elements of the text, the rhetorical simile can be explored in sub-worlds of text. The inherent limitations of classical Persian poetry, such as the lack of narration and the lack of vertical focus in many poems, as well as the necessity of weight and the existence of rhyme and line, cause this theory to generally face limitations in dealing with classical poetry. With the application of several guidelines, this theory can be applied to classical Persian poetry. This theory is well-suited to criticism in modern poetry because of its greater narrative and lack of limitations on classical poetry

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In the Persian language grammar resources, there are disagreements about the matters such as construction of verb from infinitive or infinitive from verb, dividing the verbs into regular and regular verbs, the number of past morphemes, and originality of phonemes "t" or "d" at the end of the present stems; and even sometimes there are "negligence" in the categorization of causative, prayer and imperative verbs as the regular or irregular verbs.  In this article, the views of the syntax authors are criticized through studying the grammar books and articles, and after concluding in each case, a relatively new classification of the construction of the verb is presented under the new titles as follows: "1. Regular verbs;    2. pseudo-regular verbs; 3. Irregular verbs; 3. multi-root verbs". Other major results are as follows: the past stem is constructed during the initial construction of the present; and infinitive is constructed from the past tense of the verb, but after the emergence of infinitive, the stems are usually recited and recalled on the basis of the infinitive. Out of the last two phonemes of the past stem, the originality is with the phoneme “t” and frequency prevalence is with the phoneme “d”.  Today, there are eight past morphemes in Persian language:  -d, -ad, -id, -t, -st, -est, -ist, -oft, Regular verbs include pseudo-verbs, causatives, prayers and imperatives, and a few other delicate points.

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The present paper studies through a sociological approach the women-oriented literary studies (research papers, books, theses, and dissertations) in the field of contemporary fiction from ۱۳۰۰ to ۱۳۹۴. An attempt has also been made to conduct a critical analysis, by examining and providing tables and charts, of research annals, their increasing trend, popular works and writers, researchers' genders, and research approaches. The findings demonstrate that social factors increased the researchers' tendency toward studying the woman-based fiction from late ۱۳۸۰s. Simin Daneshvar, Zoya Pirzad, and the novels Savushun and I Will Turn Off the Lights have attracted the most researchers' attention, and the number of male researches is higher than that of the female researchers. Sociological, feminist, and psychological criticisms are the primary approaches, and dealing with such issues as patriarchy, feminine identity loss, gender discrimination, violence against women the secondary approaches of the studies. The approaches used indicate that the portrayal of woman in contemporary literary studies, although having become more accurate, is still unpleasant and the values have been ignored.

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Islamic mysticism developed in Persia, had reached Al-Andalus as an important cultural element, after the dominance of earlier centuries. This article wants to answer the question that if Iranian Sufis' works, especially the Persian ones, has been any impacts on Andalusian Mysticism, based on historical and comparative researching. The results show that great Andalucian Sufis such as Ibn- Massarra, Ibn- Arabi and Ibn- Abbad of Ronda aimed this school to grow up by taking effect from the eastern Sufis' – especially Iranians' – thoughts and books. Their works had a great impact on medieval-age Spain, so that even "La Reconquista" could not eliminate Islamic-Iranian mysticism from the Spanish culture.  The famous Spanish priest, San Juan de la Cruz, in his poems shows an obvious tendency to Persian mystical works. Common images and themes between Iranian Sufis and San Juan may lead one to find a historical relation among them.

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One of the motives of the love poems is "Death of Lovers". In these texts, the poet uses his art to describe the death of the hero as a memorable event. This descriptive-analytical study answers the questions of how the basis of the death of lovers in Persian love poems can be classified and what role does each of its subspecies play in the narration of the story? For this purpose, the book "One Hundred Persian Love Poems" (Zolfaghari, 1394) was the basis of the work and it was concluded that three types of death (natural, suicide and murder) with subtypes and causes, have occurred for lovers.

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Theory of mental spaces is a theory derived from the theory of possible worlds. This theory and its derived theory, conceptual blending, are useful tools for text analysis in the field of cognitive poetics. The purpose of this study is to investigate how these theories encounter Persian poetry. To examine the application of these theories in the analysis of Persian poetry, we first discuss their philosophical aspects and theoretical foundations, and then test how they work in a lyric by Saadi. The results of the present study show that the theory of mental spaces, despite its generally appropriate function, in some positions such as allegorical structures, does not have the necessary efficiency in semantic analysis of poetry and in such circumstances, the theory derived from that, theory of conceptual blending, can cover the functional vacuum. We have also shown that the theory of mental spaces is a tool that explains and analyzes the linguistic nature of ambiguity, as one of the most important elements of rhetoric in poetry.
 

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Similar to classic literature, there are several different literary genres in folk literature. Some of these genres belong only to folk literature, this is while others belong to both folk and classical literatures. It is an essential task to identify each one of these genres. Salavāt-khāni is one of the folk poetries which intend to recall the sanctity of the saints on different occasions by inviting the audience to salute the saints at certain moments. Poems of this type are usually classified according to the occasions they are being used. For instance, they are known as worksong, chavoshi, or sahari-khani, this is while each one of these examples belongs to a different genre. Consequently, the goal of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of Salavāt-khāni. To this end, generic studies are used to study the internal and external features, such as structure, content, mode, function, and the specific interaction between the orator and the audience. There are only a few cases of Salavāt-khāni which are recorded in manuscripts. However, these limited cases are enough to prove Salavāt-khāni as an autonomous literary genre according to its unique structure.

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Nader Ebrahimi has published 49 works for children and young adults, the impact of political-social discourses on which has not yet been examined in any research using a discourse analysis approach. This article draws on two discourse analysis theories—those of James Paul Gee and Norman Fairclough—to demonstrate the impact of political-social discourses on Ebrahimi’s children’s and young adults’ works. Research findings show that “love of Iran” was always a central concern in Ebrahimi’s works, except that, under the influence of political and social developments, elements are added to or subtracted from this nationalist discourse: (1) in the years before the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Ebrahimi’s fiction tends to fall under endogenous national discourses, underscoring national endeavor to build Iran; (2) during the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the element of “politics” clearly finds its way into his fiction, subsuming his works under a revolutionary discourse centered on combating tyranny and honoring the revolution and the campaigns by revolutionaries; (3) after the Iran-Iraq war, his fiction can be formulated under the “construction discourse,” in which love of Iran is still pivotal, and more than anything else, it emphasizes Iran’s potential for industry and economic development. His literature in this period remains political, and the “anti-Western” element is more evident in his works relative to his previous works.