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Showing 5 results for Ghatreh
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
This research examines the lexical processing of head-first endocentric compounds in Persian based on semantic transparency. This study shows whether the processing is related to the morpheme-based, whole-word, or dual-root models. Moreover, this research concludes whether the processing is associated with sublexical or supralexical models. Two separate masked priming tasks are conducted. In the first experiment, the compound word is the primed word and the modifier is the target. In the second experiment, the prime is the compound word and the target is the head. Three conditions are considered: transparent, opaque, and orthographic-overlap. In order to analyze the result, mixed models are used. The results show significant priming effects for transparent and opaque conditions. While no priming effect is shown for the orthographic-overlap condition. It can be concluded that the lexical processing of head-first endocentric compounds is independent of semantic transparency. The processing is morpheme-based and it is on the basis of the sublexical model. Furthermore, the semantic processing of these words is supralexical. Moreover, the lack of priming effect for the orthographic conditions is seemingly associated with orthographic complexity in the Persian writing system.
Volume 7, Issue 29 (12-2019)
Abstract
Metaphors based on animal names are found in almost all languages and cultures, and thus, they can be considered as one of the linguistic universals. The present study has investigated the metaphorical application of animal names in addressing people as well as the primary concepts of each animal name in Bushehr and Shahr-e Kord of Iran. The analyses were based on the data collected from 200 native informants (100 from each region) through the questionnaires on the forms of address as well as the primary concepts of 70 animals (35 endemics to each region). Additionally, the morphological structures of the animal names were explored and the terms, phrases, expressions and proverbs related to each animal name were also listed. The findings show that when addressing people, native speakers, from the two areas under study, used their metaphorical interpretations of the animal’s behavior to describe different traits and characteristics of people; some animal names are, therefore, used as address forms in the two regions. This indicates the fact that the human community reflects on the behavior and the attributes of the animals in their surrounding environment.
Volume 8, Issue 7 (No. 7 (Tome 42), Winter Special, (Articles in Persian) 2017)
Abstract
The purpose of the present research is to analyze one of the most frequently used derivational suffixes in Persian, namely “-i“, and to examine its various structural and semantic/functional aspects. The study adopts a construction-based approach and, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the word formation patterns using the notions of “construction” and “constructional schemas” within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2015). It then represents the hierarchical and network relationships among constructional schemas and subschemas in a systematic way. The data under study are extracted from the authors own morphological corpus which includes more than 8000 derivational and compound words as well as Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan (The Great Sokhan Dictionary) (Anvari, 2002). The findings of the research show that “-i” has 38 different meanings/functions and thus we can consider this affix an extremely polysemous one which is always susceptible to new meanings/functions. This polysemy is not explainable at the level of words but at the level of abstract schemas, and therefore is called “constructional polysemy”. In other words, Construction Morphology theory brings us to a new conception of polysemy: a hierarchical and multi-level polysemy at the level of abstract constructions of language.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Loan words, as one of the consequences of language contacts, can be widely used by native language speakers. The expansion of loanwords varies depending on many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in spoken Persian from three different perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. For this purpose, 600 minutes of spoken Persian corpus of Al-Zahra University, including 14000 sentences in Persian for 100 different situations and subjects, used by 240 female speakers and 80 male speakers, have been extracted and studied according to loanwords’ “semantic fields”, “abstraction and non-abstraction”, and “usage frequency” as well as two sociolinguistics variables (“motivation” and “gender” of the speakers). The results of comparing the variety of loanwords and their usage frequency in different semantic fields show that the highest frequency of use belongs to the semantic fields of basic actions and technology, language and speech, and social and political relations. Moreover, research data indicate that loanwords are more related to abstract concepts and phenomena comparing to concrete ones. The research results, from the sociolinguistic view, also reveal that more women than men use loanwords with a common Persian equivalent. “Filling communication gaps in recipient language” and “social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language” are the most important motivations for Persian speakers to use loanwords in their speech.
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
List 1: loan words of the corpus
List 2: Derived, compound, and Derived-compound words containing a non-Persian element
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
- Introduction
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
- Literature Review
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
- Methodology
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
- Results
List 1: loan words of the corpus
| update, upload, application, atom, autobahn (freeway), autobus (bus), add, Adams (chewing gum), address, adrenaline, eau de Cologne (perfume), art brush, agency, SMS, ascenseur (elevator), spray, sport, speaking, spin, strategy, stress, story, astigmat (astigmatism), screen shot, skill, skill worker, slide, off, UK band (brand new), active, expire, express, expression, aklil (glitter), équipe (group), alarm, album, alzheimer's, ampoule, amphitheater, energy, Angry Birds, online, optic, average, urgence (emergency), origin, OK, Oh Yeah!, idea, ideal, immigration, email, intranet, internet, Internet Explorer, entry, battery, bascule (scale), baguette, band, … |
| Atomi (Atomic), energy darmani (energy therapy), ba-class (high-class), Buddayi (Buddhist), post-e- electronic (e-mail), pomp-e-benzon (gas station), testi (by test), telephoni (by telephone), randomi (randomly), size-bandi (sizing), miyan term (midterm), … |
- Conclusion
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
Volume 17, Issue 5 (7-2017)
Abstract
In this study, based on the third-order shear deformation theory the equations of motion are obtained to analyses the deformation of a long and slender composite beam. The beam has initial geometric imperfection and subjected to impact load. The impact procedures are applied by rigid body with a specific speed, off-center and at a certain distance from the beam's surface. Hamilton’s principle and the von-Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relationship are used to obtain the equations of motion that they are based on displacement and in a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations in dynamic mode. The generalized differential quadrature Method (GDQM) is used to discretize the obtained equations and convert them into a set of ordinary differential equations. Newton-Raphson iterative scheme is employed to solve the resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Then, by solving the equations of the system, the effects of initial geometric imperfection on the beam’s deflection have been studied. Also the effects of mass and the initial velocity of the impactor on the beam’s deformation are investigated. The results of this research show that an increase in the amount of the initial velocity and mass of the impactor entail an increase in the beam deformation.
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