---

This article, using a sociological perspective, attempts to understand the application of empirical methods in the Iranian-Islamic golden age, especially during 130-500 Hegri. It distinguishes different approaches to rational knowledge and laying emphasis on empirical science in the mentioned period. The theoretical framework of the present paper is the sociology of science, especially the interpretative sociology of science in the Weberian and Mertonian traditions. This framework provides the possibility of studying internal cultural factors, beyond cultural exchange and external transfer of scientific knowledge. The author, through studying the history of natural sciences and humanities at the Iranian-Islamic golden age, shows how applying empirical methodology of science to, for example, historical, geographical, and anthropological knowledge, have been influenced by the social interpretation of prophetic religion. In particular, it is indicated that the cultural elements of social belonging, equality and mutual understanding of Shoobieh ethics influenced the above mentioned areas of scientific endeavor.

---

Background: Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory chronic disease of pilosebaceous unit. One of the most important factors playing a role in occurrence of acne is presence of Propionibacterium acnes. With the aim of molecular identification of the P. acnes from the acne vulgaris lesions, current research was carried out. Methods: In this study, contents within the lesions was collected from 70 patients. The presence of the P. acnes was examined by a specific PCR technique. Results: Of 70 samples, 58 samples (82.85%) were determined to be positive in terms of presence of P. acnes. No significant relationship was observed between presence of P. acnes and each one of the studied demographic factors, including gender, age, disease period, family background and treatment background. Conclusions: The adopted molecular technique has obviated the limitations associated with the culture method for identification of the bacteria. To overcome the problems with conventional culture techniques for P. acne, this PCR method is promising for better identification of this bacterium.

---

Research subject: Activated carbon is a porous absorbent with reasonable specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution for many applications such as adsorption. This material is obtained from various natural sources of carbon. Due to increasing demand for activated carbon, the economical precursors have been highly noticed. In the meanwhile, black liquor, industrial residue from Lignin Kraft process in paper factories, has high amount of carbon which can be used as an appropriate and cheap precursor for activated carbon production, and make high value added.
Research approach: In this study, at first, lignin was extracted from black liquor, prepared from Iran wood & paper industries-Chouka factory, under defined conditions and investigation of pH effect, and then, powdered carbon was synthesized from extracted lignin using chemical activation method by phosphoric acid chemical agent. To consider the effects of activation temperature parameter on activated carbon structure, including specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution, three activation temperature of 400, 500 and 600 ^⁰C in impregnation ratio of 2 were investigated. To study the physical and morphological properties of sensitized absorbents, they were analyzed by BET, SEM, and FTIR methods.
Main results: The results confirmed that the highest amount of lignin with a similar structure to the degraded lignin was recovered at pH = 2. Investigation of the effect of activation temperature parameter suggested that the activation temperature of 500 ^°C can be a reasonable temperature for the synthesis of high specific surface area activated carbon and increasing the temperature above 500 ^°C is not effective. Among these sensitized adsorbents, the activated carbon sensitized in activation temperature of 500 ^⁰C showed the highest specific surface area and the pore volume of 1573.31 m²/g and 0.89 cm³/g respectively, which exhibits the high potential of this precursor as activated carbon adsorbent.

---

Aims: 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases (RMTases) confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and are increasingly reported among Gram-negative bacilli, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The objectives of the present study were to assess the resistance to aminoglycosides, the presence of RMTase genes, and the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in urinary K. pneumoniae isolates.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 100 K. pneumoniae isolates were tested for susceptibility to amikacin and gentamicin by broth microdilution test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Then the prevalence of RMTase genes was determined, and alleles and ST type of two selected isolates were identified by MLST. Finally, the isolates were genetically typed using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) method.
Findings: Broth microdilution assay showed that resistance to amikacin and gentamicin was 70 and 52%, respectively. In addition, 40% of the strains were resistant to both aminoglycosides. Also, rmtC (59.8%) gene was the most common type of RMTase genes investigated, followed by rmtA (51.2%), rmtD (47.6%), rmtF (43.9%), rmtE (41.5%), armA (41.5%), and rmtB (7.3%). K. pneumoniae isolates were assigned into two sequence types: ST51 and ST149. Using ERIC-PCR method, 3-7 different bands and 21 ERIC-PCR profiles were detected among the studied isolates.
Conclusion: The high frequency of aminoglycoside resistance and the increased presence of 16S RMTases in K. pneumoniae strains are of great concern in Iran. Molecular typing showed high genetic diversity among the studied isolates. However, ST51 and ST149 were reported for the first time in Iran and could be considered as emerging strains.

 

---

---

---

Voltages and currents are induced into electronic circuit boards as electromagnetic waves are radiated on them. The strength of induction depends on the wavefront and the circuit board characteristics. In this paper, by solving Maxwell’s equations using FDTD method and then by extending it by three dimensional simulation using the GPML criteria for boundary conditions and TF/SF technique, effect of wave propagation characteristics on induction into microstrip lines of the circuit board and its surrounding was investigated. Converting electrical equations into electromagnetic counterparts in the Gummel-Poon model has then provided the possibility of performance analysis of BJT with wave equations. Comparison of experimental and simulation results have shown that for the analysis of electromagnetic wave effects on electronic circuits one can use active electronic component models in simulation with FDTD methods.

---

Aims: People's experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic are essential to maximize its prevention and minimize its negative effects on families and society to better understand public needs and concerns. This study was aimed to explore the lived experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian families.
Participants & Methods: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Participants were 34 residents of Guilan province, north of Iran, who had experienced living in-home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling and the method of data collection was semi-structured interviews. All data were recorded and transcribed and thematically analyzed based on Colaizzi proposed steps. To ensure the rigor of the data, the 4-item scale was used, which includes dependability, credibility, confirmability, and data transferability.
Findings: Four main themes were extracted from data analysis; "emerging experiences" such as the emergence of new habits, compulsory rest, paying more attention to spirituality, "anxious days" such as constant anxiety, trapped in a cage, and increased tensions at home, "in contrasting of fear and hope" such as simultaneously positive and negative emotions, and being engaged with true and false news, and "in financial strait" such as the need to buy expensive personal protective equipment, low wages, and forced to the sale of personal belongings.
Conclusion: The Iranian society experienced various consequences in its social life, economic situation, and psychological condition during the home quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic, which should be considered by the country's health officials and decision-makers.

---

Condition monitoring of BLDC motors due to their important applications is gaining more and more significance. Rotor eccentricity is one of the most important sources of faults in these motors. Up to now, detection methods of this fault under nonstationary conditions are limited to complicated and time-consuming methods using wavelets and Cohen class algorithms which are difficult to implement and need heavy computations to run. In this paper a novel method based on the modified Motor Current Signature Analysis method is proposed to detect the rotor eccentricity fault of BLDC motor operating under varying speed conditions. Stator current of healthy and faulty motor which are modeled by the Finite Element Method are simulated. By changing the representation of stator current from time basis to angle basis, the current signal will become stationary. Thus there is no need for methods using time-frequency analysis. Afterwards the Order Analysis Method is applied to the simulated healthy and faulty angle-based current signal and the results are compared with each other. Finally, the fault is detected by this comparison.

---

---

The accumulation of nanoparticles in the environment and aquatic ecosystems due to their wide application in industries, agriculture, medicine and pharmaceuticals has caused an increasing concern about the environment and increasing exposure to nanoparticles in ecosystems and humans. Iron oxide nanoparticles easily enter the bloodstream, accumulate in different tissues and cause damage to these tissues. Therefore, in this research, changes in the intestinal tissue of gray mullet fish (M. cephalus) and tissue accumulation in oral exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles were investigated.
110 pieces of young gray mullet after 2 weeks of adaptation were treated in four-time groups of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, and one group was considered as a control. The mullet fish received iron oxide nanoparticles twice a day at the rate of 15 mg/kg attached to the food. The results showed that although the amount of tissue iron increased significantly only in the 28-day group, the consumption of iron oxide nanoparticles in almost all groups increases the tissue accumulation of iron in the intestine. The intestinal histological study showed changes such as the increase in the number and size of goblet cells, destruction of microvilli structure, bleeding and degrees of necrosis, and the intensity and extent of the changes in the intestinal tissue increased with increasing exposure time.
These observations showed that the consumption of iron oxide nanoparticles has a negative effect on intestinal function and causes iron accumulation and the occurrence of time-dependent injuries.

---

Aims: Professionalism encompasses clinical competence, communication skills, and ethical and legal awareness. The assessment of professional ethics varies among different groups based on their characteristics. This study aimed to develop and validate an ethical behavior intention instrument for medical students, based on the theory of planned behavior.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an item pool was generated based on an extensive literature review. Then, psychometric features, such as face validity (qualitative and quantitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative), item analysis, and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) were evaluated. Finally, the reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha).
Findings: A total of 200 medical students filled out the questionnaires, with a mean age of 21.84±4.47 years. In face validity, content validity ratio, and item analysis, six, nine, and three items were removed, respectively. In the exploratory factor analysis, six factors of gaining informed consent, accepting role limitations and collaborating with the treatment team, respect for colleagues and professors, abstract norms, perceived behavior control, and respect for patient values, needs, and culture together explained 51.128% of the total variance. Moreover, seven items were not included in any factor. The internal consistency of the entire questionnaire and its dimensions was acceptable.
Conclusion: The ethical behavior intention scale, which is designed based on the theory of planned behavior, is a valid and reliable scale that covers and measures the standards of professional ethics in medical students.

---

Investigating the trend of temperature changes occurring in the Persian Gulf can be used to determine the pattern of climate change in the region and to study the impact of these changes on aquatic habitats in the Persian Gulf waters.  This study was carried out to investigate the changes in sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature anomaly in Kharg and Hendourabi islands by using Environmental Research Division's Data Access Program (ERDDAP) of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and  daily sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature anomaly  were investigated over a 35-year period.The results showed that the average annual surface temperature increased by about 1 °C over 35 years in Kharg and Hendourabi Islands and the average annual sea surface temperature anomaly in these islands were increased by 2 °C. The slope of this increasing trend on Kharg Island was more severe than Hendourabi Island. The most significant bleaching event in the Persian Gulf occurred in 2016-2017, with the highest increase in temperature in 2017. As water temperatures continue to increase in the coming years, the living conditions of the Persian Gulf corals are likely to deteriorate, and only some resistant species can survive in the Gulf.

---

---

In this article, the physical and Geometrical effective parameters on free vibration and Force impact a three-layer sandwich plate in the middle layer with magneto rheological (core) Under cross-shot with low speed is investigated. The first natural frequency and loss factor of comparable modal for the first four vibrative modes for Core thickness, magnetic fields and different sheet’s geometrical parameters, is founded. The MR material shows variations in the rheological properties when subjected to varying magnetic fields. These materials with fast response time (in milliseconds) Through a detailed with variation in Magnetic field can be controlled. The governing equations of motion were obtained using Hamilton̕s principle. The results were obtained by the systematic analytical solution. Using the two degrees of freedom mass-spring model, the contact force function can be obtained analytically. The obtained natural frequency from eigen value problem, was used for calculating of equivalent mass of the plate in spring mass model. The results show that with systematic variation of magnetic field and with increasing the ratio of core thickness to the layer thickness and also with increasing the ratio of length to the whole of sheet thickness, we can in order, the stiffness, structural loss factor coefficient and maximum contact force can be changed and controlled.

---

In this study, using design of experiments, the effect of hybrid graphenenanosheets and nano clay and compatibilizer maleic anhydride -grafted -polypropylene (PP-g-MA) on the impact strength polypropylene-based nanocomposites were investigated. Design of experiments and analysis of experimental data with Minitab 16 software and response surface methodology were carried out. Making nanocomposites, based on the melt mixing was performed. Statistical models provided by response surface methodology good agreement with experimental results and with respect to the values of R-sq and R-sq (adj) have a good reputation. Statistical analysis showed that increasing the percentage of nanoparticles, impact strength decreases. Compounds morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed. Micrographes showed better dispersion of the particles in lower percentages. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the presence of graphene have little effect on the melting temperature of the sample being tested, but Tc of nanocomposites compared with pure PP, has increased about 4 percent. Also Thecrystallinity was reduced by adding graphene. In the non-graphenenanocomposites, the clay did not affect the melting temperature,but the crystallinityand crystallization temperature increased 10.73 % and 2.23 % respectively compared with pure PP that showed nucleation effect of nano clay.

---

Free vibration characteristics of rectangular composite plate with constrained layer damping and magneto-rheological fluid (MR) core are presented.. Hamilton principal is used to obtain the equation of motion of the sandwich plate. Based on the Navier method, a closed-form solution is presented for free vibration analysis of MR sandwich plate under simply supported boundary conditions. The governing equation of motion is derived on the base of classical lamination theory for the faceplates. Only shear strain energy density of the core is considered. Using displacement continuity conditions at the interface of the layers and core, shear strain of the core is expressed in terms of displacement components of the base and constraint layers. The complex shear modulus of the MR material in the pre-yield region was described by complex modulus approach as a function of magnetic field intensity. The validity of the developed formulation is demonstrated by comparing the results in terms of natural frequencies with those in the available literature. The effects of magnetic field intensity, plate aspect ratio, thicknesses of the MR core, base layer and constrained layer for three different stacking sequences of composite faceplates on the fundamental frequency and loss factor of the first mode are discussed. The results indicate significant effect of physical and geometrical parameters on the natural frequency and loss factor associated with the first mode.

---

---

Manufacturing in as short time as possible, with highest quality and at minimal cost, is one of the key factors in industry. As a result, researchers are seeking new methods and technologies to meet such requirements. Liquid impact forming is one of such methods which has received wide currency especially in automotive and aerospace industries. In this method, which is considered as one of tubular hydroforming processes, forming is achieved by using liquid pressure. In this paper, liquid impact forming process was investigated experimentally and numerically for a thin-walled aluminium tube. In experimental part, a die was designed and manufactured to transform the cross section of the aluminium tube into a polygon which at the end of the process changes the cylindrical shape of the tube to a profile almost similar to a trapezoid. Results showed that a die in the form of matrix molding is not suitable for this type of geometry in such a process while using another die which consisted of three parts resulted in a satisfactory forming. Simulation of this process was further implemented using finite element method and results relating to Von Mises stress distribution, displacement, strain energy, internal energy, thickness variation and the force required to implement the process were obtained. Displacement distribution in different regions indicated that no wrinkling occurred in the sample. Comparison between simulation and experimental results indicated that they were in good agreement.

---

One of the common ways to reduce vibration in the structures is to add a thin viscoelastic material layer to the structure. By appropriate using of viscoelastic materials one may increase modal loss factor of the structure and reduce unfavorable structural vibration which is a main cause of fatigue and failure in the structures. In this paper, low velocity impact response of sandwich plate with magnetorheological fluid core is investigated. Hamilton principal is used to obtain the governing equation of motion for sandwich plate. Free vibration problem of the sandwich plate is solved using the Navier solution method. Classical lamination theory is used to analyze the mechanical behavior of the composite laminate in the facesheets. Only shear strain energy of the core is considered and viscoelastic behavior of the MR material was described by complex shear modulus approach as a function of magnetic field intensity. Furthermore, analytical solution for impact force is obtained by a two degree of freedom spring mass model. For three different stacking sequence of face layers, contact for history and variation of maximum impact force and it’s corresponding time by magnetic field intensity is investigated. The results show considerable effect of variation in magnetic field intensity on maximum impact force and it’s corresponding time.