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  Critical thinking is the integration of knowledge, attitude, and practical skill. Today the scholars of education believe that one of the most important aims of academic learning is critical thinking. After an introduction on this subject, our study presents a short history of the scholarship on critical thinking along with the five principals of any act of critical thinking, namely: (1) Inference, (2) Recognition of assumption, (3) Deduction (4) Interpretation, and finally (5) Evaluation of argument. Critical thinking, unfortunately, has no place in the educational system for Persian. Using Watson-Glaser’s questionnaire, we have evaluated the evolution of critical thinking amongst the students of Persian (2009-2013) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Based on our statistics, we have concluded that the critical thinking has not improved in those years.

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The ability to speak is an important part of every body’s language proficiency. This ability plays an important role in the academic life of students. But scoring and assessing speaking is not easy. In this research, we try to study the validity of Ferdowsi University’s Persian proficiency test. We know that every test has a certain amount of error; but in scoring speaking ability if the scoring rubric is designed in a scientific way, the score attributed to the speakers' speech ability is likely to be very similar to their actual language ability. In other words, the appropriate scoring rubric can have a significant effect on reducing the error rate of the test. In norm-reference tests, this can be achieved only when test designers can say what scoring constructs they intend to measure and how successful they are in achieving that goal. Also, it should be clear whether the scoring scale can distinguish weak, medium, and strong test takers. On the other hand, in applying the scoring rubric , the level of consensus of the scorers should be clear. In order to see how successful is the scoring rubric in Ferdowsi Persian proficiency test, in measuring the test taker’s speaking ability, the authors analyzed the result of one of the proficiency tests administered at Ferdowsi University with Rasch model and factor analysis. The result showed that scorer reliability is 0.97 which is so high. It showed that scorers have the same understanding of the scoring rubric. This means that the scorers have given the test takers a relatively stable score, which is a strong point for the test. Also, the scores have used the scoring rubric properly because the cut score goes up in an organized way as the ability of test-takers increase. Each of the four thresholds obtained by the Rash statistical model differs by approximately 5 degrees, respectively. A regular increase in thresholds is commensurate with the ability of the test takers. This indicates a correct understanding of the scorers of the 5 grades specified in the scoring rubric; in other words, scorers have a good understanding of the level of competence of test takers and its relationship with the grades in the scoring rubric. The Wright map shoes that the scoring rubric can differentiate basic, intermediate and advanced test-takers well. Although on the top of the map there are 8 test-takers which there is no score for them that means the needs some higher scores for them. On the other hand, factor load for three constructs, delivery, language use and topic development are 0.74, 0.78 and 0.76. This shows that dividing speaking ability into these three constructs is proper while language use has the highest factor load and topic development has the lowest factor load.

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There is a twofold relationship between the literature and language learning. On one hand, one of the ultimate goals of language teaching is enabling learners to comprehend a literary text independently. On the other hand, literature is a means of teaching languages and improving linguistic skills.  This aspect of language teaching has attracted a scant attention in Iran, which motivated the current study to address this issue. In this regard, 13 literary approaches to language teaching were collected from reliable sources and then theoretical aspect of each approach was elaborated and analyzed using relevant examples from Novin Persian Teaching book series (one of the main sources of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers in reliable language centers). The obtained results of the current study were indicative of the influential role of literature in teaching Persian language, which can open new horizon in this regard.

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Smart toys connected to internet, which are able to communicate with the child and obtain some information from him/her and send it to a computer located elsewhere, in addition to benefits such as entertainment and education has faced the children’s privacy with serious probability of violation. The personal information collected from the child, may be misused by the manufacturing company or a third party may have illegal access it illegally. The challenges of smart toys for children’s privacy and their legal solutions have been studied. The U.S law, with laws and regulations concerning children’s privacy passed previously has provided a relatively desirable level for children. However, the Iranian law is faced with serious deficiency in this regard. Therefore, the authors have, using the American law solutions, recommended that a new law is should be passed or current laws could be modified. Some general rules and verdicts of the Imami jurisprudence confirm the necessity of protecting the children’s privacy in the internet of toys.

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Abstract
Using tattoo as a means for make-up or expression of certain thoughts or beliefs, is expanding in the society, especially among the youth and teenagers. This fact indicates the need to take into account the legal issues related to tattoo including artistic and literary rights of tattoo works which, sooner or later, would arise in the country. In the United States, legal doctrine has examined the conditions of protecting the tattoo designs. The prevailing attitude in the American law considers the conditions of granting copyright i.e. originality, being a work of authorship and fixation in a tangible medium to be fulfilled in the case of tattoo. However, due to the fixation of tattoo in human skin, the realization of the latter condition has been faced with objections which, indeed have been answered. In the Iranian law, it is possible to protect tattoo works which are not against public policy and good behavior, provided that they are original and expressed and have been published in Iran for the first time. Therefore, in the laws of the two countries, with differences in positive and negative requirements, tattoo works may be protected. However, given tattoo works are placed on human skin, the exercising the owners material and moral rights is confronted with implied license and fair use limitations.