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Backgrounds: Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a simple, fast, and eco-friendly method which could be performed by various microorganisms or plant extracts. Silver NPs are well-known as antimicrobial and anti-fungal materials. They play an essential role in the control of tumors via their cytotoxic effects. Therefore, they have attracted significant attention for developing an effective treatment solution for cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Penicillium chrysogenum for the synthesis of silver NPs and to evaluate their toxicity on liver cancer cell line (HepG2).
Materials & Methods: After synthesis of NPs usingP. chrysogenum, characterization of the synthesized NPs was performed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to detect biomolecules that may be responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of NPs. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized AgclNPs on HepG2 cell line was evaluated using MTT assay.
Findings: UV–Vis spectroscopy and XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of AgclNPs using P. chrysogenum. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of AgclNPs with an average crystalline size of 15 to 45 nm. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the possible functional groups that could be responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the capping process. These nanoparticles showed a dose-dependent anticancer activity against HepG2 cells.
Conclusion: The results suggest that biosynthesized silver chloride nanoparticles could offer potential applications in cancer therapy.
 

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In this study, the design and optimization of a honeycomb energy absorber is performed using genetic algorithm. The main design goal is to absorb almost whole impact energy. Simultaneously, the reducing of the shock force level is also considered as a main objective. In the first part, the crashworthiness behavior of honeycomb structure is parametrically studied. The results are utilized in the second part to optimize shock absorber design. In this part, aluminum honeycomb structure under dynamic loading is investigated using simulation in LS-dyna finite element code. Parametric studies are invoked to identify the influence of different model parameters on crashworthiness characteristics of honeycomb structure. Reducing the computational cost, a repeatable model of 'Y' cross section column is numerically simulated. The effects of changes in material properties including Young's modulus, yield stress, tangent modulus, geometrical properties such as cell size, foil thickness, as well as the effects of impact velocity on the deformation behavior of the structure were investigated. A number of 25 different geometries with same height and various cell sizes and thicknesses are studied and effects of thickness and cell size on the energy absorption properties is investigated. Results showed that crashworthiness parameters such as mean and peak stress depend mainly on cell size and thickness values, while the friction coefficient and young's modulus are of less importance. Any change in absorber’s geometry affects the mean collapse stress more severe than the peak stress. In the meantime, thickness change is more effective in comparison with cell size change.

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In this study, honeycomb energy absorber is optimized using genetic algorithm. The design goal is to absorb whole impact energy within a ‎limited shock load level. First the crashworthiness and parameter sensitivity of honeycomb structure is extracted as explicit functions that ‎are utilized to find optimized shock absorber configuration. Energy absorber must depreciate the impact kinetic energy and mitigate its ‎defects on the structure and aboard. So the energy absorption capacity while the shock load is kept limited are the main design objectives. ‎The volume and mass restrictions are also important objectives from an application point of view. Based on the simulation results ‎available in the article Part I, the honeycomb response surfaces of crashworthiness parameters including the mean and peak crushing ‎stresses are extracted. Utilizing the genetic algorithm based on response functions, the multi-objective optimized energy absorber is ‎investigated. The main objective of the optimization problem is set to minimization of mass or volume while the maximum allowable shock ‎and minimum energy absorption capacity are included as the problem constraints. The geometric specifications of honeycomb structure ‎including cell-size, foil thickness, height and absorber face area are among the design variables with optimization outputs of energy ‎absorption capacity, volume, mass, and shock level. Some optimization results are compared with those available in the literature and a ‎typical problem is handled. Results show that mass and volume optimized geometries are almost similar and reduction of acceptable shock ‎level makes the optimized geometry height to rise.‎

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Plants are rich source of phenolic compounds, which are the most important natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction methods and different solvents on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and free radicals scavenging activity of DPPH in Moringa oleifera leaf extract. For this, the leaves were grinding after dried followed by different extraction techniques like soaking, Soxhlet and ultrasound (Frequency: 70 kHz) using distilled water, acetone and methanol as solvent. TPC and TFC were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu method and colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activity of resulted extracts was measured using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with ascorbic acid. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained in Soxhlet method use acetone as solvent (24.40±0.34%). Methanol in Soxhlet extraction method showed the highest effect on TPC (24.79±1.35 mg GAE/g dry sample) and TFC (81.14±1.45 mg QU/g dry sample). In all samples, increased DPPH free radical scavenging when increased concentration of the extracts. The highest radical scavenging was observed in methanol extracts obtained by Soxhlet (IC50=49.97±0.65). Finally, it could be concluded that, methanol was the best solvent and Soxhlet was the best method for extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in in the leaves of Moringa oleifera.

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