Showing 69 results for Falah
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Probiotic juices have experienced a notable rise in popularity due to their potential health benefits, particularly for digestive health. This study examined the viability, physicochemical characteristics, and sensory qualities of kiwifruit juice containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei B31-2. To analyze the data, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) models were used to predict various factors, including pH, acidity, viable cell counts of L. paracasei B31-2, color differences (ΔE), and overall acceptance. Probiotic L. paracasei B31-2 was added to the kiwifruit juice at different concentrations (0%, 1% and 2%) and stored at 4 °C. The probiotic juices showed fewer changes in pH, acidity, and color compared to the control juice during storage at room temperature. The sample with a 2% probiotic concentration exhibited the highest viable cell count (7.98 log CFU/mL) and received the most sensory scores among the tested samples. A strong correlation between the predictions made by the GPR model and the actual observed data further validated its effectiveness in similar experimental contexts. This suggests that GPR could offer strategic benefits by lowering laboratory costs and improving analytical efficiency. The GPR model's precision in closely matching real-world data demonstrates its potential as a cost-effective and expedited tool for scientific inquiries. Overall, these findings indicate that kiwifruit juice serves as a promising substrate for carrier of L. paracasei B31-2
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
One of the most critical criteria for assessing the development of the digital economy is financial deepening. Most analysts agree that financial deepening can accelerate economic growth. Economic policy orientations are increasingly aligned with the objectives of financial deepening, underscoring its growing significance. The digital economy is characterized by its large scale, rapid development, and strong connectivity—factors that demand more accurate and efficient financial support.
Financial deepening refers to the multi-dimensional strategy for establishing a market-oriented, multi-level financial system to foster economic growth. This approach includes the expansion and development of financial markets, the creation of innovative financial products and services, the reform of financial institutions, and the strengthening of financial supervision. The digital economy today extends beyond the realms of electronics, communication, and information industries, and has deeply integrated with the traditional economy. It no longer represents merely a part of the economy but increasingly defines it as a whole. Given its potential for growth and high profitability, the digital economy and its associated industries require substantial financial support.
Financial deepening enhances the stock of liquid assets, expands financing channels, and directs capital flows toward competitive, high-yield digital sectors—thereby promoting their rapid development. Financial institutions are increasingly supporting emerging industries through targeted credit policies and are actively facilitating the digital transformation of traditional sectors. Furthermore, regional financial deepening improves the accessibility of financial intermediaries—such as banks and venture capital firms—to real-time corporate information. This reduces financing constraints, broadens financing channels, lowers capital costs, and provides firms with more diverse financial options.
For digital economy enterprises, financial deepening improves resource allocation efficiency through the integration of advanced technologies such as big data. It enables the effective investment of funds in critical areas of the digital economy, thereby fostering its development. As the digital economy expands, it becomes essential to manage the associated financial risks. Financial deepening addresses these concerns by reinforcing the financial market infrastructure, enhancing the regulatory environment, and adopting comprehensive risk management strategies to ensure the sector's sustainable and healthy growth.
Moreover, financial deepening spurs innovation in digital payment systems, digital currencies, financial technologies, and other related fields, resulting in more efficient and accessible financial services that underpin digital economy growth. Overall, financial deepening plays an important role in reducing financial constraints, enhancing resource allocation, managing financial risks, and providing vital financial services to support the robust and sustainable development of the digital economy.
Methodology
This study employs a random dynamic panel model using the Spatial Generalized Method of Moments—Dynamic Panel Data (SGMM-DPD-SDM) framework with two-stage Arellano-Bond estimation and random dynamic coefficients. To evaluate the effects of financial deepening, economic openness, government size, and economic growth on digital economy development in MENA countries, spatial econometric techniques are applied. In this model, the development of the digital economy is the key dependent variable.
The selection of explanatory variables—namely financial deepening, economic openness, government size, and economic growth—is grounded in theoretical foundations. The inclusion of the lagged dependent variable in the model introduces autocorrelation between the explanatory variables and the error term, violating one of the classical assumptions of panel models. Consequently, the use of ordinary least squares methods in fixed and random effects models would yield biased and inconsistent estimates. Therefore, dynamic panel data techniques are employed to ensure robustness.
Findings
The results indicate that financial deepening significantly enhances digital economy development. Additionally, its spatial effects reveal that financial deepening in one country positively influences neighboring countries. According to the spatial lag estimation, the digital development of a given country is affected by the weighted average of digital development levels in neighboring countries, with an estimated effect of 0.82.
The estimated coefficients for economic growth, government size, and economic openness are all positive and statistically significant, confirming their direct contribution to digital development. Moreover, these variables exhibit spatial spillover effects, further validating the presence of regional interdependencies. All spatial proximity-related variables are statistically significant, underscoring the importance of spatial and regional dynamics in understanding the influence of these factors on digital development.
Discussion and Conclusion
To promote financial deepening and foster the growth of the digital economy, the following recommendations are proposed based on the research findings:
Gradual reforms in the financial system should be pursued, with an emphasis on improving the efficiency and quality of financial services through the establishment of a sound regulatory framework. Strengthening the capacity of financial services for the real economy and encouraging traditional financial institutions to enhance their service offerings will ensure robust financial support. Simplifying approval processes for digital economy enterprises and lowering funding thresholds are also crucial for enabling the rapid development of this dynamic sector.
Encouraging innovation in financial products and services tailored to the needs of the digital economy—such as those based on e-commerce platforms and blockchain technologies—will drive further progress. Additionally, promoting direct financing through the gradual liberalization of capital markets and increasing their share in the financial system can significantly stimulate economic growth.
Welcoming foreign investment and facilitating the entry of international financial institutions will bring in much-needed capital and advanced financial technologies. These measures will not only enrich the financial ecosystem but also accelerate the digital transformation process across the MENA region
Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2013)
Abstract
Aim: Many of the oral health problems start in childhood that may affect the way of speaking, eating and even the social manners of the individual. The aim of this study was to test the Trans-theoretical Model to gain an understanding of the inter-dental cleaning behavior change in mothers and their children in the city of Sanandaj. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial, conducted in 2011 in eight Health Centers in Kurdistan province, Iran. Using a cluster sampling, we conducted a prospective study. The participants were grouped into an intervention group including 25 couples of mother and child, and a control Group including another 25 couples of mother and child. The intervention program was designed based on Trans-theoretical Model. The Gingival index of mothers and their children were recorded before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and with paired T-test. Findings: Most of the mothers in the intervention group (64% vs. 96% in control group) did not use any of the tools (dental floss and tooth picks). After intervention, most of the mothers and their children were in action and preparation stages and the direction of change improved after the intervention. Significant statistical differences were found in self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and also Gingival index before and after the intervention between two groups (p= 0.03-0.001). Conclusions: There was a positive relationship between stages of behavior of inter-dental cleaning in mothers and their children. Qualitative research can be used to reveal underlying inter-dental cleaning perception and behaviors of mothers and children.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (6-2013)
Abstract
Fish fauna at three stations along the Gamasiab River, Kermanshah Province, were investigated for 9 months. Samples were caught using electroshocker and cast net of 1.5 cm mesh size and had their 20 morphometric and 10 meristic characteristics recorded. Twenty three species and subspecies in 14 genera and 5 families were identified, including: minnows (Cyprinidae), sisorid catfishes (Sisoridae), bagrid catfishes (Bagridae), river loaches (Balitoridae) and spiny eels (Mastacembelidae). The highest number of species (18, 78.3%) and genera (10, 71.4%) belonged to Cyprinidae, while 2 species (8.7%) in 1 genus (7.1%) belonged to Balitoridae; the other three families each contained 1 genus and 1 species (4.3%). The lowest species diversity (9 species) was observed in upstream station while the highest diversity (16 species) was in downstream station. Among the identified fish, only Pseudorasbora parva was recognized as exotic and the others were native.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2016)
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavities sable to produce mutacin (bacteriocin-like substances) with antibiotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and expression of genes encoding mutacins typeI, II, III and IV and also two of 8 genes in a cluster encoding the putative bacteriocins, the designated bsm 283, bsm 299, bsm 423, bsm 1889c, bsm 1892c, bsm 1896, bsm 1906c and bsm 1914, were also screened by PCR and specific primers for each type of mutacin biosynthesis gene and then mutacin activity against the indicator strains determined.
Methods
: In this study, dental clinic samples were collocated; Streptococcus mutans was detected using biochemical tests and molecular methods (PCR). Frequency of mutacin biosynthesis genes types I, II, III and IV, bsm299 and bsm1899 were measured by PCR, using specific primers for each type of mutacin biosynthesis gene. Furthermore, the antimicrobial spectra of Streptococcus mutans isolates against other indicators, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli were evaluated using well diffusion, disk diffusion and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) methods.
Results
: Out of 56 samples collected from patients referred to Milad Hospital dental clinic on October 2011 and three private dental clinics on November 2011, 24 strains of Streptococcus mutans produced mutacins. 67.52% of the strains had a wide antimicrobial spectrum and 37.5% of 67.5% had a high frequency of genes with more inhibitory activity against, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis respectively that are more related to putative bacteriocins. The expression frequency of the bsm gene (putative bacteriocins) was higher than that of the characterized mutacins types (I–IV). The lowest dilution rate mutacin was found against Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.0625 unit/mL).
Conclusion
: These findings suggested that all putative bacteriocins may represent a large repertoire of inhibitory substances produced by Streptococcus mutans. Therefore, the high diversity of mutacin-producing phenotypes, associated with high frequency of expression of the biosynthesis genes screened and wide antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis could be used as safe antimicrobial agents in treatment of superficial infections such as, removing the pimple caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (Spring & Summer 2025 2025)
Abstract
In the new era of strategic interactions between China and Africa, China’s influence on the continent has expanded dramatically. Through economic and operational proposals, China has facilitated trade and development opportunities for African countries. However, these strategic relations have also faced challenges and criticisms, with concerns about creating an unbalanced relationship between the two sides. The central question of this study is: is China's policy in Africa primarily aimed at increasing its own power, or at promoting development across the continent? The proposed hypothesis is that, although China’s significant investments in economic, construction, and infrastructure sectors mainly aim to expand its influence and strengthen its power, these efforts have also contributed to the improvement of development processes and economic growth in some African countries. This research examines the trajectory of China–Africa relations using a qualitative, analytical-descriptive approach grounded in neorealist theory. The findings indicate that China’s investments, while serving to bolster its political and economic influence as part of its broader strategic aims, have also resulted in tangible benefits such as enhanced infrastructure, economic growth, and job creation in select African nations. Nevertheless, these collaborations are accompanied by challenges, including concerns about fiscal dependence, rising debt levels, and long-term developmental instability.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Aquaculture production is often accompanied by some stressors which undesirable effects on growth and physiological function. Music is one of the cases that could eliminate or reduce the effects of stressors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Iranian traditional music on growth, reproduction and behaviour of zebra cichlid (Pseudotropheus zebra). Fish with an average weight 5.5 0.18 g were put under both music and silence treatment with the number of 2 fish/aquarium with 3 replicates for 4 weeks. Fish under music treatment were put twice a day and every 30 minutes under the Iranian traditional music. At the end of this period, suitable conditions for fish were created to spawning. The results showed no significant differences in growth parameters, but 50 percent of fish during the 2-week were spawned in music treatment. However, only 16.6 percent of fish under silent treatment were spawned. Of eggs and spawn time, significant differences were observed between two groups. When is music being played, the fish were found mainly along approach the speakers, while the distribution of fish treated silence was uniform. The results of present study showed that use of music can affect physiological function of fish, which have more tranquility and less stress on fish.
Volume 2, Issue 3 (12-2013)
Abstract
Length-weight relationship, age range and fecundity of 40 specimens of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, collected from two fishing stations in the southeastern Caspian Sea, were determined. Average length (TL) and weight were 129.5 cm and 12.7 kg for males and 145.8 cm and 22.15 kg for females, respectively. Absolute fecundity was 184000 in average and condition factor calculated 0/58 and 0/7 for male and females, respectively. Average age for males and females was 12.7 and 14.6 years, respectively. All these factors were lower than previous records from the Volga river estuary. Length-weight relationships results demonstrated isometric growth pattern with average slope of 2.978 and 2.822 for males and females respectively. These values were not statistically different between sexes (p> 0.05), but using this relationships for each sex separately will be useful for more reliable results especially in broodstock studies.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract
Aim: By understanding women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis, improved preventive programs can be designed to modify misconceptions and improve understanding of the condition. This study aimed to explore Kurdish-Iranian women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis.
Methods: Sixteen women with osteoporosis referred to osteoporosis screening units at the private and governmental centers were interviewed through purposeful sampling between January and July 2015. Inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of osteoporosis for at least six months, T-score below -2.5, age 50 years and over, and ability to attend and participate in the study. All focus groups and face-to-face semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. To confirm precision of the data, the following criteria were employed: credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability.
Findings: Overall, the perceived risk factors were broadly classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Non-modifiable factors included the sub-themes of genetic factors and hormonal changes. Modifiable factors comprised the sub-themes of limited legal and administrative systems, cultural-environmental and socio-economic factors, lack of understanding the disease and its treatment, and poor health priorities.
Conclusion: The risk factors for osteoporosis from women's perceptions can be classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. These results can be useful to design a gender-specific risk assessment tool and develop strategies and intervention programs for preventing osteoporosis in women.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B infection is a major public health problem worldwide. Given that immune response towards the vaccine is not perfect, we aimed to evaluate circumstances of immune response in vaccinated students.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 219 medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences were recruited, who had been administered vaccine series for the first time, and booster doses after one and six months completely. The serum samples were extracted from whole blood of the participants. The concentration of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs antibody (HBsAb) was measured using a commercial ELISA kit.
Results: It was observed that 201 cases (91.8%) out of 219 cases had positive anti-HBs antibody response, and 18 subjects (8.2%) were nonresponsive cases. Level of HBsAb was significantly different between males and females as well as alcoholics and non-alcoholics. None of the cases was identified as positive for HBsAg.
Conclusion: Considering the results of the present and previous studies in other countries, it can be claimed that the mass vaccination has been effective, especially in medical students.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Length-weight relationships and fecundity of 93 individual female Acipenser persicus broodstocks were investigated. The specimens were caught during 2001-2005 from Golestan, Mazandaran and Guilan provinces along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Total length and weight of each fish was measured to the nearest 1cm and 100 g, respectively. Age determination was carried out by using transects of the first ray of pectoral fin. The absolute fecundity was assessed by egg count per weight unit of all eggs existed in the body. The specimens were from 13 to 20 years old, of which the 16 years old had the highest proportion with 23.7%. Range of total length and weight were 132.5 to 211 cm and 14 to 42 kg, respectively. Mean absolute fecundity was estimated 267810 ± 92570. Total length, weight and absolute fecundity of fish increased with age in all cases, showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.01). The slope of the length-weight relationship (b) was equal to 2.745 and isometric growth pattern was determined in this species.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
Aim: Oral health plays a crucial role to general health, and influences individual’s quality of life. This study aimed to determine effective factors on dental health behaviors among Iranian students.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on high school students in the city of Sanandaj (western Iran) from November 2014 to July 2015. An instrument with 35 items was used for data collection. It included two sections: socio-demographic characteristics, and 7 domains related to dental health behaviors. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by using face, content and construct validity, and test-retest and Cronbach''s alpha, respectively. Simple random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were used to select high school students. Plaque Index (PI) was recorded during the clinical dental examination. Finally, data were entered into the SPSS version 16.0 software and analyzed using ANOVA, Regression logistic, correlation coefficient tests, and independent t-test.
Findings: There were statistically significant correlations between the role of school, fear of dental care, motivational beliefs, and value of teeth (P
Volume 3, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background: Aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp in immunocompromised patients. The role of HSP90 in Aspergillus drug resistance is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of HSP90 gene and polyene resistance in Aspergillus spp using PCR.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Aspergillus strains were used, which were isolated from patients susceptible to aspergillosis through Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and identified by conventional methods. The isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Susceptibility testing against amphotericin B was conducted according CLSI standards (M38-A). Also, the presence of HSP90 gene was evaluated using PCR.
Results: Of 32 Aspergillus strains used in this study, 16 (50%) isolates were identified as A. Flavus, 12 (37.5%) isolates as A. fumigatus, and 4 (12.5%) isolates as A. terreus. Among these species, 19 (59.37%) isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B whereas 13 (40.62%) were resistant. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the presence of HSP90 gene and resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus species.
Conclusions: The presence of HSP90 gene provides evidence that shows this gene may play important role in resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus isolates. Although numerous regulatory genes are involved in resistance mechanisms, they remaines to be more clarified
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
During 2010–2011, a faunistic study of the family Syrphidae was carried out in Torbat Heydarie, Roshtkhar and Khaf (Razavi Khorasan province), northeastern Iran. Among the collected specimens, we found two species, Paragus gussakovskii Bańkowska and Platycheirus immarginatus Zetterstedt which are new records for the fauna of Iran.
Volume 5, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 21), (Articles in Persian) 2014)
Abstract
This study examines the relation between the level of informants' interlanguage and the frequency of two types of errors: intralinguals and interlinguals. A cognitive- contrastive approach has been suggested as an eclectic model to analyze the frequency of errors of Persian-speaking students in using Spanish verb-governed prepositions. This study is considered as an applied study based on research objectives, and a correlation from the point of view of method. The population is from Alame Tabatabaie University undergraduate Spanish students. First 75 students were selected according to the cluster sampling method. Then 67 of students were reselected and divided into the following three levels of interlanguage: basic, intermediate, and advanced. The level of interlanguage was determined by the students' answers to the questionnaire. Using descriptive statistics, the study shows that the frequency of intralingual errors has a positive correlation with the level of the interlanguage, and the frequency of interlingual errors has a negative correlation with the level of interlanguage.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of vascular wilt in tomato, an important plant disease in Iran. Four monogenic resistance genes in tomato are used for identification of races of Fol and their corresponding avirulence genes Avr1, Avr2 and Avr3 were identified in pathogen one of which, Avr2, is f.sp. specific. Hence they can serve as reliable markers for racial identity and f.sp discrimination. These markers have been used for strains from other countries except Iran. Furthermore, a point mutation in Avr3 can lead to enhanced virulence of Fol on a susceptible tomato cultivar. To identify forma specialis and racial identity, Avr genes were studied in a collection of Iranian strains. Results revealed that PCR assay is very efficient in distinguishing between non-pathogenic and low virulence strains and in the vast majority of strains, avirulence genotype was consistent with Fol race1. Furthermore, to determine whether allelic variation of Avr3 could separate strains of different degrees of virulence, Avr3 wassequenced in Fol strains with high and low virulence. The resultsrevealed that allelicvariation of Avr3 was not correlated with degree of virulence in Iranian strains.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
Two cuckoo wasp species (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Trichrysis lacerta (Semenov, 1954) from the subfamily Chrysidinae, and Cleptes striatipleuris Rosa, Forshage, Paukkunen & Soon, 2015 from the subfamily Cleptinae, are newly documented for the Iranian fauna. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps in the Fars Province, south of Iran during 2015-2016. Notes about taxonomy, relevant references as well as geographical distribution of both species are given. The total number of Iranian Trichrysis and Cleptes currently increased to four and three species, respectively.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
This paper provides new information on the distribution of 32 species of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in Iran. Two genera i.e. Isadelphus Forster, 1869 and Linycus Cameron, 1903 as well as 13 species i.e. Casinaria mesozosta (Gravenhorst, 1829), Cymodusa antennator Holmgren, 1860, Gambrus tricolor (Gravenhorst, 1829), Ichneumon inops Holmgren, 1880, Idiolispa grossa (Gravenhorst, 1829), Isadelphus gallicola (Bridgman, 1880), Linycus exhortator (Fabricius, 1787), Lissonota buccator (Thunberg, 1822), L. carbonaria Holmgren, 1860, L. coracina (Gmelin, 1790), L. folii Thomson, 1877, L. saturator (Thunberg, 1822), Theroscopus esenbackii (Gravenhorst, 1829) are newly added to the Iranian wasp fauna.
Volume 8, Issue 1 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid and density on reproductive performance and steroid hormones in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this regard, six treatments were considered included three diets containing 0, 100, and 1000mg ascorbic acid as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate per kilogram of food in contrast to two densities 4.33kg/m3 and 2.16kg/m3. Triplicate groups of fish were fed one of the test diets for 16 weeks. A total of 81 females with an average weight of 812.1±1.5g were introduced to tanks (910 liters). At the end of the 16th week and when preparing fish for spawning, from each replication of high and low densities, 4 and 2 fish after bleeding of fish to measure the concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol were spawned. After that, reproductive parameters such as work fecundity, ova per gram, and ova diameter were measured and then fertilized. During the incubation period, fertilization and mortality rates were recorded. The results showed the interaction between ascorbic acid and density and also the significance of this effect in reproductive parameters (number per gram of egg, oocyte diameter, coagulation, and fertilization percent; p<0.05). In the case of steroid hormones, the effect of treatments on the amount of each of the three hormones and their interaction on the level of estradiol and testosterone were significant (p<0.05), but the effect of density and diet on progesterone was not significant (p>0.05). The results of this study confirm the use of higher levels of ascorbic acid in breeders compared to grow-out period and also the positive role of this vitamin in reproductive indices.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2009)
Abstract
For identifying factors effect Individuals Investment intention in Tehran Stock Exchange, we employed a 28-items questionnaire among 450 persons. Cronbachs alpha was equaled 0.871 and depicted a good reliability. Based on SEM methodology via using LISREL8.7, we found that proposed conceptual model and the entire hypothesis confirmed. Findings indicated that financial-accounting information (FAI) and general information (GNI) directly and indirectly via investor expectation (EXP) effect investing intention (INTENT). Investor need (NEED) directly effects investing intention. The order of total effects of factors effect Individuals Investment intention in Tehran Stock Exchange is (from high to low): GNI (0.5461), FAI (0.4702), EXP (0.31) and NEED (0.24).
