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Background: With increasing infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance in pathogens to existing drugs, researchers are now seeking for new drug candidates to be used as alternatives or complementary therapies. Maca is commonly used in traditional medication as herbal medicine.
Materials & Methods: In this research, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of maca powder and ethanolic extract were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Candida albicans ATCC10231 using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and disc diffusion methods.
Results: The obtained results showed that there was no significant difference between the MIC and MBC of maca powder and extract against the reference and clinical strains. Also, no strain showed zone of inhibition at 30, 40, 50, and 60 µl of reference concentration.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, maca powder and extract had a poor inhibitory effect on bacterial and fungal growth.

 

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The water fern weevil, Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is considered as the most important biological control agent of Azolla spp. in the world. Azolla spp. was introduced in Iran in 1986. In August 2017, two specimens of S. rufinasus were collected on Azolla spp. in waterways near Anzali lagoon and Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Guilan province for the first time. Identification was based on molecular sequencing. This is the first record of S. rufinasus from Iran.
 

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In the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution and due to doubts cast on the usurious character of interests on debenture bonds, the Iranian legislator was led to replace the latters by the so-called profit-sharing securities (ORAGHE MOSHAREKAT). The enactment, of the law and regulation, (in 1997 and 1998) concerning the issuing of profit-sharing securities has given rise to doctrinal discussions regarding the mechanism and legal nature of these kinds of securities. In fact, the question is whether or not these new sorts of securities are identical in nature to the old debenture bonds. The objective of the present article is to consider, firstly the mechanism and secondly the legal nature of the profit-sharing securities.

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Appearance or sign or circumstances in Iranian and national Law has two roles and effects. First positive (thinking the way) and the other is creative in the past it's positive role has been attended but now extra national Law (Romanistic, German and Anglo-American Law) has paid attention to apparent and give it creative role. Most of these attentions are in stopple rule, apparent theory and apparent agency. In national Law of Iran Although hasn’t commented about apparent but can ascertain this importance from application of apparent then compare this situation with the role of extra national Law (foreign) until apparent in with drawl from extra national Law (foreign) and apparent theory having new specification or does this doctrine possess of innovation. Comparing of national doctrine of apparent with extra national (foreign) apparent theory between them. In other words extra national approach of Iranian Law hasn't so much advantage and innovation.

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        In a documentary credit relationship, the person for the favor of whom the credit is openned, is not necessarily the last supplier. In fact, he hopes to buy goods from  the last supplier and deliver it to the buyer. Transfer of credit is the third alternative rather than the beneficiary of the credit. It gives the first beneficiary right to benefit from differce of transferred credit and original credit prices. It also allows him/her to assign his/her obligations about that credit document delivery. There is disagreement about the legal nature of transfer of credit. The group argued that the benefits of credit can be transferred to a third party conditionally, so the legal nature of transfer is similar to the assignment of benefits. Others believe that as transfer of credit take places, the original legal relation will nullify, and a new relation between the second beneficiary and the transferring bank will be created. So, they believe that the legal nature of transfer of credit is more likely to novation. Various studies’ assessment shows that, despite of some differences between novation and transfer of credit, legal nature of the former is very similar to novation rather than other legal establishments.            
  * Corresponding author’s E-mail: s.mr.hosseiny@gmail.com

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In construction contracts, one of the analytical dimensions focuses on concurrent delays. The determination of each party's responsibility and the mutual effects of this type of delay can be regarded as among the complicated and widely-used concepts of construction contracts; the case in which both the owner's and the contractor's delays independently cause delay in the critical path is different from the case in which the combined effects of both cause delays in the completion, and one cannot ignore the effects of one on the other. For this type of delay, it is not easy to determine the contribution of each factor, and it is necessary to analyze different factors influencing the delays, though some analysts believe this is impossible. In order to have a proper analysis of the effects of such delays, it is necessary to obtain the drawings, maps, data, the plant schedules, delay periods of each independent cause, and a distinct notion of critical delays as contrasted with non-critical delays. The present study tries to analyze the concurrent delays by examining the legal rules and relevant judicial procedures, and some critical and standards for determining their effects and to find out each party's responsibility. In addition, it shows the existing challenges and relevant complexities in the way of determining the liabilities of each party.    

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The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between daily milk yield and udder traits using multiple regression analyses in order to predict daily milk yield in Norduz goats. 10 udder traits including upper udder height, bottom udder height, udder depth, udder width, udder circumference, left teat length, right teat length, left teat circumference, right teat circumference and teat angle. The data was collected from 27 Norduz goats raised in pastoral conditions in the Norduz region of Van province South Eastern Turkey. Factor analysis was employed to simplify the complex relationships between udder traits. After the udder traits were exposed to factor analysis, four factors with Eigen values greater than 1 were selected as explanatory (independent) variables and used for multiple linear regression analysis. First factor was named teat factor, second and third factors were named udder factors while the fourth was udder bottom height. The 2^nd and 3^rd factors, which were significant, were then used to fit the regression model. The study found that two udder factors had significant statistical effect on daily milk yield and these factors together had accounted for 78.6 % of the variation in daily milk yield. The findings of this study showed that both multivariate and univariate approaches can be used to determine the relationship between milk yield and udder traits. In addition, these statistical approaches may also be useful to eliminate multicollinearity problems among large number of variables. In conclusion, the study proved that both univariate and multivariate methods can be applied successfully to predict daily milk yield using udder traits in goats.

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Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) damages potato, tomato, and eggplant, and is one of the most serious agricultural pests all over the world. Due to its resistance against chemical insecticides and some biopesticides, new biocontrol agents compatible with different ecological conditions are needed urgently for the integrated pest management programs of this pest. For this purpose, we studied the insecticidal effects of thirteen indigenous microbial isolates including entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes from our culture collection against L. decemlineata with screening and dose-response tests under laboratory conditions. Bacillus thuringiensis strain Xd3 caused 83% and 73% mortality against larvae and adults of the pest at 10⁹ CFU mL^-1 concentration within 10 days, respectively. While fungal isolate Metarhizium anisopliae Gg-12 yielded 98% mortality with 10⁷ conidia mL^-1 concentration on larvae at 15 days, mortality provided by Gg-12 on adults reached 100% at the same concentration and period. Steinernema websteri AS1 was determined as the most effective entomopathogenic nematode with 92% mortality within seven days on larvae. Based on probit analysis, the LC₅₀ values of B. thuringiensis Xd3 against larvae and adults were calculated as, respectively, 1.73×10⁶ and 1.69×10⁷ CFU mL^-1, and that of M. anisopliae Gg12 were 1.18×10⁴ and 6.2×10³ conidia mL^-1, and that of S. websteri AS1 was 117 IJs mL^-1. Considering these results, the biopesticides developed from these isolates can be used safely and successfully in the pest management control programs of Colorado potato beetle.

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This study aimed to evaluate the productivity, nutritional, and fermentative characteristics and aerobic stability of white oat, barley, and wheat silages that had been subjected to pre-drying at different phenological stages, with or without the application of additives. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 3×3×2 factorial design (three forage species, three additives, and two phenological stages), with three replications. After harvest, the cereals were exposed to the sun, and prior to ensiling, were treated (or not) with an inoculant containing a mixture of fermentative bacteria and enzymes and/or propionic acid. Comparing the cereals harvested at different vegetative and reproductive stages, revealed higher percentages of crude protein when the cut was made in the vegetative stage, lower contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin; and higher levels of neutral detergent fiber digestibility after 30 hours of incubation. Addition of the inoculant containing homofermentative and heterofermentative bacteria promoted the production of silages with higher lactic acid levels, lower pH values, and losses of ammonia-N. Compared with the control group, addition of propionic acid did not improve fermentative characteristics. Cereals harvested at the vegetative stage produced silage with a best bromatological composition. Although the use of biological additives did not alter the bromatological composition of the pre-dried silages, treatment with the bacterial inoculant improved most fermentative parameters; however, it was ineffective in enhancing the aerobic stability of silage after exposure to air.

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Several factors play a role in the realization of conflict of jurisdiction in judicial proceedings and arbitration. In this study, with the aim of examining the role of the aforementioned factors, a comparative study of the approaches of the legal systems of England and Iran has been conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. Based on the studies conducted, it can be said that the arbitration clause or agreement, ADR agreement, unilateral and multilateral clauses, tactics used by the litigants in the proceedings, public order, and issue preclusion are the most important factors affecting the conflict of jurisdiction that can cause major disruption in the arbitration and proceedings process. In the English legal system, by examining the existing judicial practice and legal regulations, it is concluded that an attempt has been made to deal with the aforementioned factors in a way that reduces the impact of these factors on the realization of conflict of jurisdiction. In the Iranian legal system, there are no specific legal regulations in this regard, and the judicial practice approach in this regard is not clear, which makes the challenge of realizing conflict of jurisdiction more difficult. In this article, by examining the aforementioned factors in the legal systems of England and Iran, while explaining the role of the aforementioned factors in creating conflicts of jurisdiction, an attempt has been made to explain the gaps in the Iranian legal system.