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Smart City Master Plan Smart cities, at the first stage had been defined as cities that adopt ICT in all aspect of urban spaces. However, during the last three decade,  the approach of urban initiatives turned into employing ICT as one of the main infrastructure of cities. Reviewing the literature around the phenomena of smart cities along with smart city projects experiences indicate the new generation of smart cities. Novel paradigms and concepts are emerging through the development of technology that directly affect urban initiatives. Therefore, the definition of smart cities have a dynamic character though to its integration with technology.
Accordingly, with the evolution of smart cities, urban planning, urban design and urban government had been affected ultimately, which result a new approach into smart cities and urban initiatives as adopting collaborative cities and intelligence cities.  Therefore, this research aim to review definitions of smart cities during the last years within academic literature along with urban projects experiences to explore the definition of new generation of smart cities. To do so, smart cities definition had been explore through academia and experiments and the new concepts emerged in the urban literature been clarified in order to shed the light on how urban design and planning have to reform in Iran to meet the new centuries requirements.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become the most common cause of infections in burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotyping and genotyping of P.  aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Mottahari hospital during June-October 2016. 
Materials and Methods: A total of 78 P.  aeruginosa strains were collected from wound infected patients. Identification of the isolates was performed by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific 16srDNA PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were then evaluated for genotyping by ERIC-PCR.
Results: From a total of 78 collected isolates, 77 isolates (98.7%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by specific PCR. We found 4 antibiotypes. The highest resistance was observed to imipenem and gentamicin (~100%), and the most sensitivity was shown to colistin (100%). Overall, MDR phenotype was observed in most of the isolates (98.7%). The PCR of ERIC box produced 52 different patterns and 3 main clusters. Also, 59 (83%), 2 (3%), and 9 (13%) isolates were included in Cluster A, B, and C, respectively, and Cluster A was the predominant ERIC profile.
Conclusion: The high resistance to antibiotics in our study may be due to their abundant use as the prophylactic or treatment regimen in wound infections. So appropriate use of antibiotics seems necessary, and colistin is a proper choice for treatment of burn infection. In genotyping, 3 main clusters and 52 different patterns were shown. A majority of the P.  aeruginosa strains isolated  from  burn   patients were related and belonged to Cluster A.

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Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is one of the most prominent predators of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and is considered as a biological control agent against this pest. In order to investigate the effects of plant varieties on predation of C. pyricola by A. nemoralis, the functional response of both the sexes of A. nemoralis to pear psylla nymphs was studied on three pear varieties including ‘Shahmiveh’, as a susceptible host plant and ‘Sebri’ and ‘Coscia’, as partially-resistant host plants. Different densities of C. pyricola nymphs were offered to single A. nemoralis and predation proceeded for 24 h. The experiments were carried out under constant environmental conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and L: D 16: 8 h). Logistic regression and nonlinear least-squares regression were used to determine the type of functional response and to estimate attack rate (a) and handling time (T_h), respectively. The results showed a type II functional response on all varieties. The asymptotic 95% confidence intervals, estimated by the model with indicator variable revealed that there was no significant difference between either the attack rates or between handling times of same sex of the predator on the tested varieties. However, when sexes were compared, the females of A. nemoralis had a shorter handling time and higher searching efficiency than the males on all varieties. The maximum predicted daily prey consumption by a female predator (T/T_h) was the highest on the susceptible variety. Based on the type of functional response and its parameter values, the effectiveness of A. nemoralis was not affected by plant resistance; these findings may be promising for the integration of the partially-resistant varieties and A. nemoralis in sustainable pest management programs against the pear psylla. The implications of the results for biological control of pear psylla are discussed in a tritrophic context.  

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Mir Damad’s foundations in sketching the worldview of Yemani Wisdom and formulating the theory of perpetual creation are a product of the refining and expanding of the Avicennian worldview. Inspired by certain Quranic verses and traditions and combining reason and transmission, Mir Damad aimed to broaden and change the discussions on perpetuity and eternity, priority and posteriority, and types of creation. He did this without the least disturbing of the rational foundations of Avicennian philosophy, introducing the grounds for the view of real creation and the separable posteriority of the contingent realm. In this research, while explaining Mir Damad’s usage of transmitted arguments and his commitment to the teachings of Avicenna in presenting the theory of perpetual creation, we have shown that Mir Damad changed the structure of Avicennian thought with the great precision that he had. He did this in such a way that avoiding his expansion would close the path to presenting and establishing the theory of perpetual creation. Mir Damad’s attempt to offer a new interpretation of the world's inception in light of the teachings of religion is considered a great step in the formation of Shi’i Philosophy.

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Aim: The objective of this paper is to design nutrient-adequate, varied and cost-efficient diets for diabetes patients.
Methods: A new multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model under uncertainty is developed to design diet plans for diabetes patients.
Findings: The analysis is conducted on the population of 30 years old men and women in 24.99 and 18.5 body mass index, 1.50, 1.65 and 1.80 (m) height categorized in 4 physical activity levels (sedentary, low, active and very active). The objectives of the model are the minimization of the total amount of saturated fat, sugar and cholesterol and the total cost of the diet plans. The constraints of the model are fulfilling the body's nutrient requirements and the diversity control of each patient’s diet. In order to get closer to the real world, fuzzy parameters are considered in the model. To solve the model, a new hybrid solution methodology (Jimenez and epsilon-constraint method) is used to offer the optimal Pareto of non-dominated solutions. Each optimal Pareto of the model consists of diet plans that each patient can choose the proper food based on the taste, availability and cost.
Conclusion: Mathematical modeling of diet planning and study of its optimal solutions can be considered as a decision support tool for the professionals to design the most proper diet plans.

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  Abstract This study investigates the interaction between the leaders of social movements and public in the context of 2009 post-election events in Iran. For this aim, framing analysis approach was used as an analytical tool to capture the modification in framings in different stages of the movement. This approach puts an emphasis the importance of interpretive frameworks in shaping people’s perception of the situation and also the impact of leadership on mobilizing the public. A qualitative content analysis of the texts of the speeches and statements made by the movement leaders in a two-year period was conducted. This article divides the framings of the movement into three distinct periods and describes the characteristics of each one in details. The results show how the dynamics of a movement alonga social event can affectits leaders and subsequently make them modify their framings.    
 

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic myelin destructive disease which affects central nerves system. CD4+ T cells are a group of adaptive immune system cells that have Pivotal role in immune response against the foreign agents. Th17 (T helper 17) cells are one of the subsets of CD4+ T cells which increased in multiple sclerosis patients. MicroRNAs are single stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression by targeting their mRNA. The aim of this work was to determine miRNAs which probably have effect on theTh17 differentiation pathway by means of bioinformatics methods to suppress this pathway and decrease MS symptoms. by using miRWalk and miRTarBase databases, the probable and validated interactions between some miRNAs and Th17 differentiation pathway proteins were investigated .Disregulated expression of this miRNAs clinically have been shown previously in MS patients. Results showed that miR-9 probably could induce Th17 differentiation from naïve T cells by suppressing negative regulator of Th17 differentiation pathway. In contrast, miR-17and miR-106a/b probably could inhibit Th17 differentiation pathway by suppressing positive regulator of this pathway. Thus, this miRNAs can be considered as potential therapeutic targets for suppression or symptom reduction and also diagnostic markers in MS patients.

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A proper and complete understanding of stakeholders is one of the main elements of strategic decision-making. Banks, as an important part of the country's economy, are confronted with various stakeholders and faced with different changes in their stakeholder structure.Recognizing and categorizing these stakeholders and adopting an appropriate strategy for engaging with them is one of the ways to improve Performance. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for managing bank interactions with strategic stakeholders.
This research in terms of gole is applied, in terms of data is qualitative, and in terms of nature and research method is Grounded .The sampling strategy was selective with snowball method. Measurement of internal validity (reliability) of the findings has been done by comparing the results with theoretical foundations and experts verification, and verifying the accuracy of the data has been approved by the members of the research, and the validity of the interview’s form has been done through content validity.
The results obtained from three phases: interviewing, Delphi technique and Brainstorming, 2 dimensions; Identification of strategic stakeholders including 4 components (power, influence, influence, interests and legitimacy) and interaction with strategic stakeholders including 6 components (policy making, Rules, regulation, organization, control and supervision, supply of resources and sales of services), which are derived from 76 indicators.

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Backgrounds: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important opportunistic bacterial pathogen that could cause serious infections, especially in neonates, adults, and the elderly. In GBS isolates, a macrolide resistance phenotype that confers constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics (cMLSB phenotype) has become a global concern. On the other hand, little is known about the genetic relatedness and diversity of GBS isolates isolated from various patients in Iran. Hence, this study aimed to determine the genetic relatedness and molecular typing of cMLSB-GBS isolates using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC- PCR) technique.
Materials & Methods: A total of 100 GBS isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI).  Among them, 52 erythromycin-resistant GBS isolates were selected, and double-disc diffusion (D-zone) technique was applied to determine the MLSB phenotype among the isolates based on CLSI criteria. Then the genetic relatedness of MLSB-GBS isolates was assessed using ERIC-PCR fingerprinting method.
Findings: Among 52 erythromycin-resistant GBS isolates, 38 isolates were identified with cMLSB phenotype, nine isolates with M phenotype, and five isolates with iMLSB phenotype. The analysis of ERIC-PCR patterns revealed eight different ERIC types that were divided into seven clusters (A-G) and one single type. Also, four isolates were non-typeable. ERIC type A/ serotype Ib was the most prevalent clone among the isolates.
Conclusion: The current study findings showed a high level of diversity and multiclonal spread of the cMLSB phenotype in Isfahan. ERIC type A/ serotype Ib is the predominant clone circulating among erythromycin-resistant GBS strains.

 

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The effects of water deficit on grain yield, yield components and the physiological char-acteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties were studied in a split plot design dur-ing the 1999-2000 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Five irrigation levels [0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% crop water requirements (CWR)] and six barley varieties Karoon Kavir , Rei-hani(drought tolerant), Torkman , C-74-9 (intermediate) , Kavir Badia and Gorgan-4 (2 rowed type, drought sensitive) were arranged in the main plots and sub plots respectively. Results showed that water deficit induced stress and this decreased the grain yield and yield components. Water deficit increased the canopy temperature and those varieties showed a higher canopy temperature under non-stress conditions, performed better un-der drought conditions. Severe stress reduced the chlorophyll content (SPAD values) con-siderably, but the differences were not significant between the 50, 75 and 100% CWR treatments. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the chlorophyll con-tent of barley varieties under drought conditions. The effect of irrigation on the photo-chemical efficiency of photosystemII (Fv/Fm) and the other fluorescence parameters for all varieties were significant. Although the Fv/Fm values were not significant in barley varie-ties at any level of irrigation, in general Karoon Kavir and Reihani varieties showed a better performance under water deficit conditions. Proline content was significantly dif-ferent in various irrigation treatments, but its accumulation at any level of irrigation did not differ significantly in barley varieties. It was concluded that the higher canopy tem-perature (less negative T) under well irrigated conditions and higher grain yield, 1000-grain weight, Fv/Fm values under water stress conditions could possibly be the proper cri-teria for screening the drought tolerant barley genotypes under field or laboratory condi-tions.

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Creating and approving official Persian equivalents for the foreign words in Persian language is of great importance, which is considered to be done by the Persian Language Academy. Neologisms or newly-coined words are the inventions produced by language planners, which are supposed to replace the loan words. But these new words usually cannot have the opportunity to be entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the Persian language. In this regard, we have proposed emotioncy as a tool for the acceptance of neologisms. Emotioncy, which is a blend of ‘emotion’ and ‘frequency’, refers to sense-induced emotions. In fact, it deals with the ways (e.g., visually or kinesthetically) individuals experience the world, which can affect and shape their mindsets. Considering this newly-developed concept of‘emotioncy” and its components (emotion, sense, and frequency), the present study intends to introduce this concept as a new tool to examine the problems of accepting neologisms. To be more specific, the present study aims to address the following research question: What strategies can be adopted by the Persian Language Academy in order to increase and decrease the emotioncy levels of words? Regarding this goal, a number of strategies were proposed in order to increase the emotioncy levels of neologisms (positivising emotions, enriching senses, and increasing frequency) and decrease the emotioncy levels of the loan words (negativizing emotions, depriving senses, and lowering frequency). It is our belief that these strategies can be implemented by the Persian Language Academy to popularize Persian neologisms. In the end, a number of implications were proposed and some suggestions were made for further studies.

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The aim of this research, Which lead to the study of those factors that influence the process is to design and clear up the model of automobile industry development technology in Iran, with putting emphasis on the exportation strategy of technology exportation/development of automobile industry and achievement of suitable model. The connoisseurs in the field of exportation development have presented different point of views and every researcher has tried to study the subject of exportation development. The method of performing is descritive research either within the field or the measurement, and the industrial situation of automobile manufacturing in Iran has been study and put into comparative estimate with Korea. Statistical community of the study, consistes of experts and managers and the necessary information for analysis was collected through questionnaire (in 112 questions) and interview. The most importand statistical test in use is Spearman correlation test that beside it, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used as well. Based on Spearman correlation test, there is a significant relation, among human resources development, organizational culture development, organizational structure development and managerial structure development on one hand and technology development on the other hand. (Human Resources Development-0.852), (Organizational Culture-0.879), (Organizational Structure-0.722), (Managerial Structure Development-0.861). One of the outcomes of this research, is making a comparison between Iran and Korea technology development situation with applying SWOT techniques and for so doing, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used which indicate. There is a meaningful difference between Iran and Korea from the viewpoint of technology development. At the end some suggestions for technology development, were allowed too.

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Long explanatory additions mean long propositions that some translators have used in parentheses to further explain the words of the Holy Qur'an. Among the contemporary translations, the two translations of Elahi Qomshei and Meshkini have used more explanatory additions than others. The current research has aimed to use a small comparative analysis method, in which the study is from a single sample. And also, using the descriptive-analytical method, to do a comparative analysis of long explanatory additions in the last three parts of the Holy Qur’an in the two divine translations of Qomshei and Meshkini. Investigations show that the long explanatory additions in these two translations have various types such as stating the examples of verses, explaining the reason for descent, explaining nouns, expressing the meaning of propositions, and expressing the meanings of verses. In general, in some cases, long commentary additions have been presented equally from the point of view of two translators. But in most cases, there are differences between the views of the two translators. Mishkini has expressed more appropriate exegetical additions than Elahi Qomsha'i by using interpretive traditions, the reason for revelations, lexical evidence, the context and appropriateness of the verses, referring to commentators.

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This paper tries to identify and compare the levels and frameworks of innovation systems (IS) approach. Innovation systems approach is a new approach to innovation and technology development that developed and evolved in the recent two decades. This approach is a systemic approach to innovation. Consisted of three parts, part one tries to identify and analyze the existing different analytical approaches of Innovation systems, the second part focuses on knowledge, types of knowledge, interactions between knowledge and nature of generating and using of knowledge as the base of innovation, and the third part compares three main frameworks of innovation systems from knowledge perspective to recognize differences of the mentioned frame works.

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Staff job satisfaction is very important for assessments leading to organizational devel-opment. Job satisfaction is a general attitude of workers towards with their job and it de-pends on the sum of all factors in organizational relations. The correlates of organiza-tional leadership style such as process of leadership, motivating factors, communication, process of decision making, and characteristics of the control process all directly affect job satisfaction. This study was conducted to determine the correlates of leadership style that affect the job satisfaction of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi staff working in Yazd Province. The population consisted of all the Jihad-e-Keshavarzi staff in Yazd (N=298). The sample was obtained through simple random sampling technique (n=100) and 91 questionnaires were completed and returned. Data was analyzed by SPSS. There was a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and the leadership style correlates of the respon-dents (process of leadership, motivating factors, communication, process of decision mak-ing, and characteristics of the control process). The best predicators of job satisfaction were found to be the leadership and communication processes.

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Nowadays, more attention is being paid to customers’ satisfaction as funding decisions are made. Extension organization, which plays an important role in educating farmers, must know how far the learners are satisfied with its educational program. Accordingly, this study was conducted in Yazd Province (Iran) with the main objective of investigating the pomegranate growers’ satisfaction with their extension-education courses. A survey method was adopted for the study and 150 people were selected as sample out of 478 learners participating in the courses from 2003-2004 throughout the province. A ques-tionnaire was developed as the tool of study. The questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable (Cronbachs' alpha was 0.93). The results showed that the courses did not achieve many of their teaching objectives and were assessed as achieving their goals to a moderate extent. The contents of the courses were assessed as being comprehensive, applied, and new to a high, moderate, and low extent, respectively. The respondents are very satisfied with teachers’ characteristics and with the locality and facilities of courses, but were satis-fied with teaching methods to a low extent. They generally had a positive and favorable attitude towards the pomegranate extension-education courses. According to the study there were significant relationships between learners’ satisfaction with courses and their annual income, pomegranate yield, pomegranate production, times of participation in courses, and attitude toward the courses. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that three variables, attitude toward the courses, pomegranate yield and pomegranate production totally accounted for 77.8 percent of variations in learners’ satisfaction with the pome-granate extension-education courses.

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Abstract: The experimental study of structural vibration is often performed to determine the modal parameters of a structure or to verify the theoretical models and predictions. The first phase of this research involved the experimental determination of the modal properties of a rectangular steel tank with different levels of water. The natural frequencies obtained from the experiments were compared to those calculated by the analytical models. In the second phase, a procedure for computing hydrodynamic pressures in rectangular tanks is proposed. This procedure considers the effect of tank wall flexibility in determining the hydrodynamic pressures produced by the impulsive response. Based on a two-dimensional model of the tank wall, a dynamic time-history analysis was carried out. The results were compared with other models based on the current design practice codes and standards, which use a lumped mass approach. The comparison shows that, in most cases, the lumped mass approach overestimates the base shear. The effect of wall flexibility on wall displacements and base shears are also discussed.

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Steel is considered to be one of the desirable materials used for reinforcing concrete structural members. However, the corrosion of steel bars has been always a threat for the service life of reinforced concrete members in corrosive environments. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars can be used as reinforcing materials due to their corrosion resistance. FRP reinforcing bars are available in different grades of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. These bars have high tensile strength and durability and display linear elastic behavior up to their failure. The behavior of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars is different from that of steel reinforced concrete beams. Concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars exhibit large deflections and crack widths as compared with steel reinforced concrete beams due to the low modulus of elasticity of GFRP. In addition, the bond between concrete and FRP bars is different from steel bars because of the difference in their surface geometries and mechanical characteristics. This paper proposes an equation for the bond strength of lap-spliced concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. First, equations for displacement modulus and local bond strength of FRP bars are formulated by pullout test results, tested by other researchers. Then, using the local bond strength equation and based on the experimental results of lap-spliced FRP reinforced concrete beams, an equation for bond strength of splices is derived. In the formulation of this equation, the non-uniform distribution of the bond stress along the splice length is considered. The effects of concrete cover and transverse reinforcement are also taken into account in the proposed equation. Transverse reinforcement has an important role in the bond strength of beams with spliced bars. Transverse reinforcement confines developed and spliced bars by limiting the progression of splitting cracks and increases the uniformity of bond stress distribution along the splice length and thus, increasing the bond strength. The bond strengths calculated by the proposed equation are compared with the experimental values. The comparison shows that the proposed equation predicts the splice strength accurately. Also, calculated bond strengths are compared with the values predicted by different code provisions and other models. The average and standard deviation of the experimental over calculated bond strength ratios obtained by the proposed equation are 1.00 and 0.14, respectively. These ratios are 0.65 and 0.19 for the ACI440.1R-06 code, 0.55 and 0.15 for the CAN/CSA-S6-00, 0.67 and 0.16 for the CAN/CSA S806-02 code and 0.99 and 0.36 for the Aly equation. Compared to Aly equation and design guidelines, the proposed equation for calculating the bond strength shows better agreement with experimental values. In addition, code equations overestimate the bond strength of GFRP bars in splices of beams.

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Critical discourse analysis is an approach that considers language as a social practice in relation to factors such as power and ideology. According to this approach, the present study has tried to use sociological-semantic components to demonstrate how `Jalal Al-Ahmad expressed his ideology through the representation of the characters of Fall Valley and how he portrayed the social agents of that period after Reza Shah’s fall. In this short story, linguistic constructions are analyzed through the sociological-semantic components. So Van Leeuwen’s modal is appropriate for analyzing the text and discovering the relationship between language and the author’s ideology. The main question of this paper is whether the author has been able to reveal his hidden ideology through the representation of social agents? Research findings exhibit that this has happened and Al-Ahmad has expressed his ideology and views in the story by using the methods of suppression, backgrounding, activation, passivation, personification and impersonalization. Using the general strategy of “exclusion”, he hides the identity of high-ranking officials of Pahlavi government and completely “ignores” them by “backgrounding”. The “government” and the “army” have been activated in the discourse, and the “workers” and the “elites” have been passivated to highlight the oppression that has been inflicted upon them for his audience.
 

1.  Introduction

The main discussion in the present study is to examine the reflection of the discourse governing the working class of Reza Shah's era in the story of "Fall Valley". In this work, Al-Ahmad, using a general representation, shows the rulers of the Pahlavi regime as generally active in suppressing workers' protests.  He also identifies each of them with a distinct identity through a special representation. This research seeks to answer these questions in the framework of critical discourse analysis approach: 1.How does Van Leeuwen's theoretical model help to analyze the representation of social actors in the story? 2. Has the author been able to reflect his ideology in the text by representing the actors? 3. How is the relationship between the discourse-oriented components and the ideology embedded in the text explained? The main hypothesis related to the above questions is that Al-Ahmad has been able to use the depiction of social actors in the story to express his ideology.
The results of the research related to the theory under study indicate that so far no research has been done on the subject of the present article, namely the sociological-semantic analysis of Al-Ahmad political stories and novels. Therefore, the present study examines this issue in order to compensate for the existing deficit in this field. Obviously, considering this point, the necessity and importance of such research is clear.

2. Literature Review
Regarding the theoretical background of the present study, several works were generally found in the fictional literature that have been criticized according to Van Leeuwen's model. Among these works, we can mention Pooshneh and Babak (2013) who, in their study, have found different ways of representing social activists in the story "Between Yesterday and Tomorrow" by Ebrahim Golestan. The main purpose of this study is to discover the relationship between intellectual-social (ideological) perspectives with discourse-oriented structures in the story.
In their study, Saeidnia et al. (2014) have examined the novels of Suovashun and Sang-e Sabour from the perspective of critical discourse analysis and based on sociological-semantic components. The results of this study indicate that the authors of these novels have represented women as a second sex, weak and with lower social prestige than men.
Junidi and Khaghani (2015) in their article have represented social action in zane ziadi (story collection). Their research findings show that in this set, actions are more inactive and static that are pushed into the background of the audience's mind.
The subject of the research of Armi et al. (2017) is dedicated to the analysis of how gender relations are represented in the novel "Lullaby for a Dead Girl" by Hamid Reza Shahabadi. This research, in the framework of critical discourse analysis and using Van Leeuwen components, has analyzed and explained the role and identity of family members and their interpersonal relationships in the novel.
In their article, Hamidreza Akbari et al. (2019) examine the story of "Ab-e Bid" by Mohammad Bahman Beigi to determine how the author has used the representation of social actors to express his views. He also uses the component of changing time, at the same time as raising the issue of modern Iran, to reveal the faces of the people of a part of Iran who still live in a prehistoric way. The author of the article has thus challenged the policies of the Pahlavi government.
Although the present study is similar to some of these works in terms of methodology, including Junidi and Khaghani (2015), but specifically and in terms of the studied stories, a study that analyzes the political and ideological literature of Al-Ahmad with this method. Has not been found yet.


3. Methodology
The purpose of this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, is to investigate the representation techniques of social actors using data collected from the story of Al-Ahmad. To achieve this goal, using a qualitative method, first thirty discourse-oriented sentences with political and social themes in the story were selected. These sentences were then analyzed based on Van Leeuwen's model in order to find the components of cognitive-semantic society. Although Van Leeuwon's theory lists 51 ways to represent social actors, the authors focus on only the most frequent components of the story, as not all of them appear in the selected sentences. Their findings show that the author has shown the actions of nomadic teachers to be effective through a mass display strategy.

4. Discussion
Van Leeuwen (2008, p. 52) divides the "exclusion" component in discourse into two types, "suppression" and "backgrounding". In the discourse of Al-Ahmad, we see on several occasions the "suppression" or extremist exclusion of the activists who are the main cause of the deplorable situation of the miners. These activists, who are in fact the rulers of the Pahlavi regime and the owners of the means of production; By substituting unknown faces, they are completely hidden in the author's discourse! It is obvious that the author has deliberately removed from his discourse the indications of the involvement of the Pahlavi authorities in these cases by removing those who are responsible for killing the freedom fighters. This form of "suppression" serves to marginalize the first person of the government, Reza Shah. The extreme omission of Reza Shah's name in the discourse occurs by using the method of "general naming" that is, bringing the title "state" instead of the title of king. In this way, Al-Ahmad has tried to present the image of the "state" as a general nature, hegemonic and totalitarian, in order to remove negative and extremist actions from the realm of the "king" by highlighting it.
       The most prominent example of "backgrounding" in the discourse of the story is when describing an actor who is referred to as "Colonel D". Although this officer has little presence in the discourse and his function is limited to his brief meeting with the head of the mine, his actions are recognizable in all incidents, including raids on workers' homes and their arrest and execution. The action of "Colonel D" (exploring the valleys of the mines) initiates a bloody repression, while its action in this story is diminished by the producer of the discourse and marginalized through the background.
       It is obvious that the main cause of the repression of the miners and the execution of the protagonist is the Pahlavi government and Reza Shah himself, while as mentioned before, no name of this person is mentioned in the discourse. The question here is whether the removal of Reza Shah's name from the discourse was due to political reasons and the suffocating atmosphere around the text? The definitive answer to this question seems difficult, because the author wrote this story in 1326, six years after the fall of Reza Shah, and therefore could have explicitly named him as the main person responsible for the Zirab mine accidents. But why does he remove Reza Shah's name from his discourse instead? Perhaps the concealment of Reza Shah's name was based on the assumption that the audience already knew the hidden actor.
       In the process of "expression", the presence of actors in discourse is represented in the forms of "activation", "passivation"," Personalization" and "Impersonalization". In Al-Ahmad's discourse, we see the active depiction of gendarmerie officers; For example, Haidar Babakhanlu is mentioned several times in the discourse, and his actions (including the torture of miners in the field court) are prominently represented in all behavioral and speech processes. The linguistic manifestation of this method is the role of the actor as the subject in certain clauses. It seems that Al-Ahmad wanted to portray all the members of that organization in a negative light by actively portraying Babakhanlu as a member of the army. In the discourse under study, the "boss" and the "miners" are actors who are shown to be passive. And they are represented as if they have escaped the attention of the country. It is possible that Al-Ahmad, with this kind of illustration, wanted to show the audience that the working class and the elite of Iranian society will always be ignored by politicians!

5. Conclusion
The authors of the present article sought to answer the question of how to use Van Leeuwen's strategies to analyze the representation of social actors in the story. The authors also sought to answer the question of whether the author was able to reflect his ideology in the text by representing the actors. Analysis of the research data, in addition to explaining the relationship between the discourse-oriented components and the ideology embedded in the text, showed that Al-Ahmad was able to use the representation of social actors in the story to express his ideology. His discourse shows that in representing the actors in the story, the author has used the strategy of expressing non-governmental actors in positive issues and removing them from negative issues, and vice versa, the same strategy in the case of government actors. Thus, statesmen are represented in the discourse as negative actors, and workers and miners as positive actors. In general, the author uses the method of "differentiation" to highlight the contradiction between these two groups, the "state" and the "working class". Using the method of "general naming", which uses the name "government" instead of mentioning the name of the king, the author has removed Reza Khan's name from the discourse of the story. The actors identified by their names in the author's discourse are all male and are portrayed formally, semi-formally, and informally. Al-Ahmad, by passively portraying the head of the mine, puts him in the spotlight to highlight the oppression that has been inflicted on him and the miners. In general, the representation of social actors in Al-Ahmad's discourse has been influenced by his socio-intellectual views and the power relations that govern the society of his time.