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Language learners find it hard to change a text’s wording and present it differently while maintaining the original meaning in the text. This research therefore examined the effect of concept mapping instruction on summarizing short stories for EFL learners. Two intact grade-eight classes were assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 18) groups randomly. They summarized a starter-level short story, Drive into danger, using a maximum of 450 words as pretest. Next, the experimental group experienced concept-mapping instruction whereas the latter group received the traditional way of teaching summarization, for six consecutive weeks. Both groups summarized the same story again, based on their instruction, into a 450-word text at a maximum as posttest. Pretest and posttest summaries were assessed in terms of content, organization, vocabulary, and language use. The experimental group positively improved on overall performance, content, and organization, marginally improved on vocabulary, but did not improve on language use. Furthermore, the participants’ feedback on the instructional treatment support the statistical results. The findings offer several instructional implications.

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Effects of part replacement (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of whole wheat flour by composite flour (based on foxtail millet, proso millet and buckwheat flours in equal proportions) on physical, nutritional, sensory and antioxidant properties of multi-millet cookies were investigated. Increase in the ratio of composite flour in the blend and formulated cookies resulted in increase in ash, fiber, fat and protein and decrease in moisture and carbohydrate contents. Increase in supplementation levels of composite flour added to the TPC, DPPH, reducing power and FRAP and decrease in metal chelating activity of cookies. Maximum gain in thickness and weight as well as loss in diameter, spread ratio and bake loss were observed with the highest composite flour substitution. Color values such as a* was found to be enhanced whereas L* and b* were found to be weakened, simultaneously NEB values got increased upon substitution. A 60% blend of composite flour with whole wheat flour was selected best used in the cookie’s formulation on the basis of sensory evaluation. Overall, this study demonstrates that millet based composite flour can effectively improve the functional values of formulated cookies, in addition to an option for the development of gluten free products for celiac patients. 

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Comparative mythology partly is a one of the modern courses, which have been used broadly from the second mid-nineteenth century. On the one hand, the relation of this approach has become firm in the comparative literature, and fixed in the mythical critic, on the other. Though at first, the necessity recognition of world's nations myths was introduced widely and comparatively by the European’s and broad researches were done by them, especially in the field of European nations (Rome and Greek's) myths, but the extent of this approach in the Islamic nation's myths did not progress, except of some small and separated surveys on myth motives. In 2000 AD, Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri, by understanding this poverty research, in “Comparative research in Arab, Iran and Turk's myths”, took the first step in comparison of Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths. It is wonderful that, even after a decade, researches did not refer to this. Mojib Al-Mesri, in this comparative research, has studied every Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths in three separate parts. However, this book does not operate according to the twentieth century mythical critic approach, but in Iran's myths study, it exhibits modern conclusions and achievements in comparative mythology and in this way, compares unfamiliar Arabic and Turkish's myths with similar Iranian samples that have not been studied in any research so far. This paper has tried firstly to clarify the myth relation and functioning of mythology in comparative literature and  then  introduce  Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri's achievements. Then in a more limited scope, it reviews his theories that he received from Iran's myths. In the end, it shows the existing common points between Persian myths with Arabic and Turkish samples in two sections of religious and historical myths. The purpose of this essay is revealing the potential capabilities of Islamic nations' myths. It also recommend the necessary changes, which must occur in one-sided and unilateral views of Iranian or Non Iranian mythologists.

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The present paper is an attempt to investigate the methods of passivisation of Persian compound verbs on the one hand and, to introduce Jackendoff’s semantic theory; which is called Theory of Conceptual Semantics on the other. The purpose of introducing this theory is to check Persian data within the framework of this theory to see if the its foundations, as its founder claims, are universal and can justify Persian data or not. To do this, the semantic behaviors of 22 Persian compound verbs were examined when making them passive. There are two methods for the passivization of Persian compound verbs, namely syntactic and semantic. Since the Jackendoff’s semantic theory is unable to explain the unacceptability of grammatical sentences, because the approach it takes for semantic analysis is making semantic components salient, thus we will reason that if sentence is not considered as the unit of semantic analysis, the outputs of such analysis will not be correct.

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The total concentration and percentage of heavy metals content in the sediment of Hashilan wetland, Kermanshah province, was assessed in summer 2015. The total concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Fe were around 18.57, 6.95 and 379.24 μg g^-1, respectively. Successive extractions of the samples showed a decreasing trend as follows: residual>organic matter>iron and manganese oxides>exchangeable parts. The comparison of the total metal concentrations and SQGs and NOAA standards proposed high concentrations of Pb and Fe contents, while RAC suggested that Cu, Pb, and Fe had posed a low-moderate risk, low risk and no risk to the system, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the most common sources of Pb and Fe were natural while sources of Cu was anthropogenic. Continuous monitoring of the wetlands, particularly water inputs are recommended.

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The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the effectiveness of land management policies to reduce the vulnerability of Minab plain to water shortage. Based on the systematic analysis of land management policies, after analyzing the causal links related to different economic and social sectors of Minab city and water-related areas of Dasht and Minab cities, it can be said that the most effective policies to reduce vulnerability of Minab plain and rehabilitate plain related policies is the water demand management, which is related to two areas (Water demand management in Minab County and Bandar Abbas, Sirik and Jask Counties). By reducing the amount of agricultural water consumption by modifying the consumption pattern and developing commercial and aquaculture activities by 200 hectares of new lands in the region and reducing dependence on water in Minab plain and meeting the drinking water needs of Minab and villages through Esteghlal dam, the amount of water withdrawal from the plain is reduced to a minimum level. Also, by exploiting the wastewater collection and treatment plan of Minab city, about 84 million cubic meters of water can be used annually through open turf in agriculture in the region and injected into Minab plain. By supplying the required water of Bandar Abbas, villages and coastal areas of Minab, Sirik and Jask through desalination plant and modifying the pattern of water consumption in Bandar Abbas, we can reduce the dependence and transfer of water from Minab plain to zero. Decreased water abstraction from the aquifer over a period of 25 to 30 years has led to the restoration of the aquifer and the groundwater level has risen and is again resistant to possible droughts. Combining these measures with reforming the role of Minab city as the center of the region and creating a special economic or free trade zone to provide a variety of commercial and port services, health, tourism and higher education to surrounding areas and cities of the region will attract labor forces to these activities and will affect the income and employment of the region and reduces the over-reliance of the region's economy on agriculture and will reduce and adjusts the amount of agricultural water consumption.

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To investigate the effect of different fertilizers on yield and health related traits of pomegranate fruit, a field experiment was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on six years old pomegranate trees cv. ‘Bajestani’ growing in sandy loam soil under drip irrigation system in Khalilabad city, Khorasan, Iran. Organic fertilizers including: cow manure (25 kg/tree), vermicompost (5 kg/tree), and granulate humic (2 kg/tree) were applied without or with biofertilizers (azetobarvar, phosphobarvar and potabarvar at 1 liter/tree) by placement method. Results showed that plants treated with combination of organic and biofertilizers had higher yield and lower fruit drop than plants treated with organic fertilizers individually. The lowest fruit cracking (7.5%, 2.25%) as well as fruit infestation with Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (27.5%, 25.34%) were observed in the plants treated with both biofertilizers and humic in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The most infestation to E. ceratoniae was observed in control treatment (38.07%, 31.44%) in both years, respectively. Fruit sunburn was not affected by nutrition of any type in both years. Results of leaf analysis revealed that plants treated by a combination of biofertilizer and humic had higher levels of macro and micronutrients compared with untreated plants. Altogether, our results suggest that biofertilizer in combination with organic fertilizers, especially granular humic, could be used in pomegranate orchards management to improve pomegranate yield, as well as to prevent crop losses resulting from cracking, nutrient deficiency and E. ceratoniae infestation.

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The Present research is a semantic attempt to the semantic exploration of Persian non- compound verbs and their formal-sematic equivalent compound verbs with the aim of showing which kind(s) of synonymy there are between these equivalents. In this study, first, the author’s point of view about Persian compound and non-compound verbs are explained and then, after mentioning different methods of making compound verbs out of non-compound verbs in Persian, different kinds of synonymy from semanticists’ point of view have been introduced and explained. After a short discussion about different kinds of synonymy, through using examples, we try to argue which kinds of synonymy there are between discussed equivalents. To reach this goal, 363 non-compound verbs which have formal-semantic equivalent compound verbs have been collected from Sokhan 8-vol. Persian dictionary. The corpus has been attached to the article as an appendix. The results of the investigations have shown that absolute synonymy and implied synonymy do not exist between these equivalents, but other kinds of synonymy; namely near synonymy, analytical synonymy, descriptive synonymy, partial synonymy, propositional synonymy do exist between the studied equivalents.

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Today in various countries around the world, forensic modicine with its laboratories. Plays an important role in judicial and justice issues. Forensic medicine is a set of procedures which specialist physicians take in order to discover and determine the crime and the trace of the accused and to prove or disprove the claims of the claimant or defendant. In judicial verdicts, Islamic law and jurisprudence in order to distinguish many crimes and determine damages to body parts the case is referred to a just specialist physician. What is the position of forensic medicine in Islamic law and jurisprudence and what is its precedence in Islamic law, jurisprudence, Hesbeh issues and Islamic medicine? How much is its validity from the viewpoint of jurisprudents? How valid are the depiction methods and tools of forensic medicine and in what issues of Islamic law and jurisprudence has these issues been referred to physicians? Does issuing of verdicts based on evidences and documentation have a legitimate ground in Islamic law and jurisprudence? And could forensic medicine procedures such as finger printing and blood tests used for this? This article clarifies these issues.

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Present paper is a theoretical research in the field of semantics based on componential analysis of meaning with a diachronic approach. Lexical forms and semantic roles of “ba” have been cited and analyzed from historical sources and books of grammar and also from Sokhan Persian dictionary to be analyzed diachronically within the frame work of structural semantics.
One of the problems investigated in this research is proving polysemy of “ba” with regard to diachronic and synchronic semantic clues. The other investigated problem is justification of the mentioned preposition’s grammaticalization on the basis of its polysemy. The preposition “ba” is the remainder of upāka- from old Persian. upāka- has meant “near, beside” in Sanskrit and has had the semantic component [accompany]. In middle Persian this word has turned into abāg which had prepositional function and with addition of a suffix it had become a noun; abāgīh meant “accompaniment”. Through suffixation it also became verb, meant “to accompany”. In this article polysemy of “ba” has been studied based on its main meaning found via historical view over its semantic behavior and conceptual transmission model.
Questions which the authors have intended to answer are: 1. What was the primary meaning of “ba”? 2.  How and in how many steps has this word been grammaticalized? 3. Which meanings of this word have been derived from its primary meaning? and 4. Which semantic component relates different meanings of “ba” together?  
Investigations have showed in the process of Persian change, this preposition has passed through two processes of grammaticalization: first, a noun has become a preposition with the meaning of “accompaniment” and second, in the next step it has found other semantic functions; namely “source” and other related meanings. So, in the first step, the preposition has undergone primary grammaticalization and in the next step it has undergone secondary grammaticalization. The authors have recognized sixteen meanings for “ba” and have put these meanings into two groups. The first group contain meanings derived from “accompaniment” which show “person” conceptualization on Heine’s scalar about categorization metaphors. The second group of meanings are those which are the result of secondary grammaticalization of “ba” which are help, instrument, substance, manner, agency, comparison, opposition, and exchange. These show “thing”, “activity” and “process” conceptualized metaphors on Heine’s scalar have been made by Persian speakers.
 

 

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Aims: One of the effective factors in preventing the complications of diabetes is stress management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on Lazarus’ Transactional Model on the level of stress in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 80 patients with type 2 diabetes. Stress levels, coping methods, and hemoglobin A1C were evaluated before the intervention and three months afterward. In the intervention group, five training sessions were held based on the strategies outlined in the model. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and analysis of covariance.
Findings: The perceived stress score in the intervention group decreased after the intervention. The results of the Pearson correlation test indicated a negative and significant relationship between the stress score and confrontive and optimistic coping strategies. Additionally, there was a positive and significant relationship between the stress score and methods of emotional adaptation and fatalism (p<0.001). Analysis of covariance revealed that, after adjusting for group effects, the intervention had a significant impact on the use of adaptive methods and stress levels (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Training and interventions aimed at utilizing coping approaches based on Lazarus’ Transactional Model of stress and adaptation is effective in controlling and reducing stress in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Investigation of factors affecting endothelial cell proliferation is an essential part of angiogenesis studies. Given the importance of inhibiting angiogenesis in the treatment of cancers, and due to the side effects and high cost of anti-angiogenic drugs such as Avastin, the use of physical agents to aid in treatment and reduce the need for high doses of the drug is noteworthy. Magnetic fields are of interest due to their long-distance and non-invasive effects, and many studies have been conducted on their effects on biological phenomena, including angiogenesis, with inconsistent results. In the present study, the effect of a 2 mT alternating magnetic field with a frequency of 200 Hz and Austin on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. Cells were treated for 48 hours under a mixture of 50 μg/ml solution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGEF) and Avastin at concentrations (zero (drug control), 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml) as well as field treatment groups for They were exposed to magnetic fields for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Then, cell proliferation was assessed using Alamar Blue colorimetric test. Data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance. According to the findings, the exposure times of 12, 24 and 48 hours showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation compared to the control group, but this difference was not significant in the 3 and 6 hour treatments. Also, the degree of interaction of these factors with each other on HUVEC proliferation was investigated.

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One of the most controversial and relatively old subjects in economics is the optimal size of government and its impact on macroeconomic variables. Government size and extent of public enterprises are of crucial impacts on economy. Thus, one of the main objectives of the governments is to achieve full employment. This paper investigates the effects of government size on unemployment rate in Iran’s economy using annual data during 1959-2011. It applies Pesaran, Shin and Smith (PSS) bounds testing approach to estimate an Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM), which derives both dynamic and long-term relationships. The finding of the research shows that the government size has a significant positive effect on unemployment rate, indicating that reducing the size of government would lead to reduction of unemployment rate in Iran. With increases in size of government, the crowding out effect in the form of private investment is decreased. As a result, productivity growth and international competition are reduced, then the unemployment rate is increased. The estimation of the ECM model shows that the error term is negative and statistically significant. The Error Correction Term (ECT) is relatively low (-0.27) indicating a slow adjustment toward the equilibrium.

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This study, is a semantic attempt to find out if there is a significant difference in the linguistic representation of Iranian and British war literature in the Iran-Iraq war (known as The Imposed War (of Iraq against Iran)) and World War II. Authors chose these two wars for two reasons: 1. In both cases, the war was defensive for both countries, and 2. both wars lasted for almost the same period: The Imposed War lasted for 8 years, and World War II lasted for 6 years. Given the aforementioned similarities, we seek to compare the linguistic representation of ideologies that had governed in Iranian and English societies (i.e. Islamic ideology vs. liberal democracy and the monarchy). In this study, we ask if there is a significant difference in the linguistic representation of these two wars. We seek to 1. Describe the linguistic iconization of war based on the source domains of metaphors, and 2. Describe the ideological similarities and differences of war using linguistic representations. The views of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Gustav Jung have been used in the psychoanalytic analysis of these novels.

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"Accommodating dissimulation" (al-taqiyyat al-mudārātiyya) is a jurisprudential ruling in Imami Shiite denomination. It falls under the broader category of dissimulation or taqiyya, which refers to the act of dissimulating in order to attract favor or gain advantages, as opposed to "wary dissimulation" (al-taqiyyat al-khawfiyya), which is intended to avoid harm. Accommodating dissimulation is a belief within the Islamic faith, particularly prominent in the Imami denomination. It underlies an authentic approach aimed at fostering societal progress. It has pedagogical impacts across various sectors, as it fosters unity and harmony among individuals, particularly in that after convergence, the research intersects with social kalām, which seeks to extract and defend religious beliefs that have social dimensions, revealing their influence on individual and societal behavior. The main conclusions are as follows:

1. Accounting for the role of "accommodating dissimulation" in fostering strong relationships among Muslims and followers of each Islamic denomination, serving as cornerstone of social cohesion.
2.  Elucidating the boundaries and limitations of "accommodating dissimulation" to prevent its misuse at the expense of the established religious doctrines.
3. Explaining social dimensions of "accommodating dissimulation."

Moreover, this research contributes to the Islamic literature through a study of “accommodating dissimulation” in light of contemporary social kalām and replies to objections about its exercise in the society. Further, it identifies its direct and indirect impacts on individuals and the society.